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Monosaaccharides
One sugar molecule
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Disaccharides
Two sugar molecules linked together by an alpha or beta glycosidic bonds
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Oligosaccharides
4-10 sugar molecules linked together by alpha or beta glycosidic bonds
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Polysaccharides
>10 sugar loecules linked together by alpah or beta glycosidic bonds
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Amylose
Long chain of alpoha, 1,4-linked glucoses; found in plants (parts of starch)
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Amylopectin
Long chain of alpha 1,4-linked glucoses with alpha 1,6 branches; found in plants (part of starch)
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Cellulose
Long chain of beta 1,4-linked glucose molecules, structural component of plants
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Glycogen
Long chain of alpha 1,4-linked glucoses with many alpha 1,6 branches; found in animals (storage form of carbohydrate in animals)
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Glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen from glucose
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Glycogenolysis
Release of glucose from glycogen
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Lipids
Any fat-soluble (lipophilic), naturally-occuring molecule, such as fats, oils, waxes, cholestrol, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others
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Fatty acid
A carboxylic acid, often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated
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Saturated
Fatty acids that contain no double bonds between C atoms
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Unsaturated
Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between C atoms
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Cis configuration
Arrangement of H atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid in which the H atoms are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain
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Trans configuration
Arrangement of H atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond in fatty acid in which the H atoms are on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain
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Hydrogenation
Process of removing carbon-carbon double bonds in a fatty acid by adding hyrdogen atoms
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Essential fatty acid
A fatty acid required in the diet because of an inability of the animal to synthesize that fatty acid.
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Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from non-glucose precursors
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Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose for energy
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Triglyceride
A glycerol esterified to three fatty acids; the main component of animal and plant lipid stores
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Compound lipids
Esters of fatty acids containing non-lipid substances
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Phospholipid
Derivative of tryglycerides containing glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
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Glycolipid
A phospholipids to which a carbohydrate chain is attached
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Lipoprotein
A biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids
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Bile salts
Cholesterol-based detergent involved in reducing lipid droplet size in the intestine; essentail for efficient fat absorption
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Micelle
Small lipid droplet in the intestine containing fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol, with bile salts on the surface
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Chylomicro
Lipid droplets exported from the intestinal cell following lipid absorption. Contains triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and protein
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Beta oxidation
Sequential removal of 2-carbon units from a fatty acid chain for the production of energy
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Eicosanoids
Hormone like derivatives of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid and EPA)
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