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4 Goals of Developmental Psycology
Describe, Explain, Predict, Modify
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5 theoretical perspectives on human development
Psychoanalytic, Learning, Cognitive, Contextual, Evolutionary
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Being shaped by unconsious forces, and those forces motivate human behavior
Psychoanalytic
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Freudian parts of personality
Id, Ego, Superego
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2 theorys for Psychoanalytic perspective
- Freudian Psychosexual Stages
- Erik Eriksons Psychosocial Development
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Neo-Frudian
Emphesized influence on society
Development is lifelong
Psychosocial Development
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Changes in behavor result from experience or from adapation to the environment
Learning
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We respond based on if a situation is painful, threatening, or pleasurable
Behaviorism
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Conditioning of Fear
John Watson
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Classical Conditioning
Pavlovs dog
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Operent Conditioning
B. F. Skinner
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Individual learns the consequences of operating on the environment.
There is a learned relationship between behavior and its consequences.
Operant Conditioning
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increases the likelihood of a behavior occuring
Reinforcement
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Giving a reward
Positive reinforcement
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Removing something adversive
Negative Reinforcement
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Decreasing the likelihood of a behavior occuring
Punishment
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Adding something adversive
Positive Punishment
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Removing something pleasant
Negative Punishment
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Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura
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Development is bidirectional
Social Learning Theory
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Person acts on world as the world acts on a person
Reciprocal determinism
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Children choose who to imitate
Observational Learning or Modeling
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View that thought processes are central to development
Cognitive
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Theorys relative to Cognitive perspective
Piaget's cognitive stage theory, Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
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A tendency to create complex cognitive structures or schemes
Piagetian Cognitive growth- Organization
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Organized patterns of behavior used to think and act in a situation
-Infants suck bottles and thumbs
Schemes
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How children can handle familiar information
Piagetian Cognitive Growth: Adaption
-has 2 prosses
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Incorporating new info into existing schemes
-An Adaption process
Assimilation
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Changing structures to include new information
An Adaption process
Accommodation
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Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.
related to Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Zone of proximal development
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The temporary support to help a child master a task
Scaffolding
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View that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context
Contextual
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Theory of Contextual Perspective
Brofenbrenners 5 contextual systems- Bioecological theory
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Development can only be understood in its social contexts
Describes range of interacting influences that affect development
Identifies contexts that stifle or promote growth
Bioecological theory
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everyday environment
Microsystem
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Interlocking of microsystems to understand why things happen
Mesosystem
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linkages between a microsystem and the outside system
Exosystem
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Overarching cultural patterns
Macrosystem
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Change or constancy in a person and environment
Chronosystem
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View that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior
Evolutionary
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Theories related to Evolutionary Perspective
- Darwins evolutionary Theory
- Evolutionary Psycology
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Survival of the Fittest
Natural Selection
Darwins evolutionary theory
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The study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of the animal species
-innate behaviors evolved to increase survival odds
-why squirrels barry nuts
Ethology
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How biology and environment interact to produce behavior and development
Evolutionary Psycology
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What is the result of humans unconsiously striving for personal survival and genetic legacy?
- A developmet of mechanisms evolved to solve problems
- -Morning sickness actually protects the fetus
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The union of sperm and ovum to produce a single-celled zygote
Also called conception
Fertilization
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One egg, One sperm
Identical Twins
Share 100% of the genes
Monozygotic
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2 eggs, 2 sperm
More common
Fraternal twins
share 50% of genes
Dizygotic
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Coils of DNA carrying genes
Chromosomes
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22 paris not related to sexual expression
Autosomes
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1 pair determining sex
XX= female
XY= male
Sex chromosomes
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Two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait.
Alleles
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Identical copies of a gene
Homozygous allele
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Different copies of a gene
Heterozygous alleles
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Heterozygosity, with dominant allele
Dominant Inheritance
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Homozygosity, with no dominant allele
Recessive Inheritance
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Actual genetic makeup or allele combinations
-Tongue curling ability DD or Dd
Genotype
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Observable expression of genetic make-up
Product of genotype
Phenotype
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Send and receive information
Neurons
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Nourish and protect neurons
Glia
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Chemical messengers
Neurotransmitters
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Gatty substance that helps send faster signals
Myelination
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2 processes of Neuronal growth
- Integration
- Differentiation
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Neurons that control groups of muscles
Integration
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Each neuron takes on a specialized function
Differentiation
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Obtained by holding baby's head and sholders off the mat with arms half in flexion on the chest. Examiner suddenly lets the head and shoulders drop back a few inches whie releasing the arms. The arms should dully abduct and extend, and return toward the midline with the hand open and the thumb and index finger forming a C shape.
Absent or incomplete is seen in upper motor neuron lesions
Moro reflex
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The tendency of young infants to grasp a bar and hang suspended. Is also known as grasping reflex
Darwinian reflex
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Elicited when the head of a relaxed child, lying on his back, is roated to the side. The arm toward which the infant is facing extends straight away from the body with the hand partially open, while the arm on the side away from the face is flexed and the fist is clenched tightly. Teversing the direction reverses the posituon. Is often described as the fencers' position
Tonic Reflex
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Is elicited by stroking the cheek. The infant will turn toward the side that was stroked and begin to make sucking motions with its mouth.
Rooting Reflex
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Occurs when the big toe moves toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of he foot has been firmly stroked.
Babkin and Babinski Reflex
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Is the one that unconditionally, naturally, and automaticly triggers a response
Food
Unconditioned Stimulus
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Is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to UCS
-Salivating
Unconditioned Response
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Is previously neutral stimulus that after becoming associated with the UCS, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Bell
Conditioned Stimulus
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Is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus
salivation
Conditioned Response
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Refers to the fact that, if the CS and UCS are not paired for a given number of trials, an organism will stop exhibiting the CR
Extinction
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The phase where the consistant pairings of the CS and UCS that produce a CR
Acquisition
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The case where stimuli that are like the conditioned stimulus come to elicit the same response
Generalization
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The opposite of generalization, happens when a CR foes not occur when there is a difference between the presented stimulus and the original conditioned stimulus
Discrimination
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The re-occurance of a classically conditioned response after extinction has occured
Spontaneous Recovery
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The time difference between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
Latency
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Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity
Sensorimotor Stage
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Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations
Circular Reactions
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Organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situation
Scheme
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4 types of imitation
Invisible, Visible, Deferred, Elicited
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A type of imitation where the parent uses body parts baby can't see- like the mouth
Invisible
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Type of imitation where they use hands and feet, parts the baby can see
Visible
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Type of imitation where it is imitation after a delay
Deferred
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Imitating based on explanation only
Elicited
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Realizing an object exists even when out of sight
Object Permanence
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Object permanence - 3 stages
- Prior to 8 mo- If I drop my toy and I cant see it, its gone- peek a boo
- 8-12 mo- You hid my toy, i will look in the last place I saw it.
- After a year- You hid my toy... im looking for it
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Not about what babies know, but about what they do and why
Dynamic systems theory
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Ability to understand the nature of pictures
-Develops about 19 mo of age
-seeing a picture of a sun and saying suh
Pictoral Competence- Representational Thinking
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A type of memory, where it is conscious or intensional
-facts, names, events
Explicit
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A type of memory, where there is unconscious recall
-Habits and skills, procedural memory
Implicit
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Type of memory that is short term storage of active information
Working
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Brain has the innate capacity to learn language
-LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
Chomsky's Nativism
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Three Temperments
- Easy
- Slow to warm up
- Difficult
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Generally happy, responds well to change and novelty
Easy
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Generally mild reactions, hesitant about new experiences
Slow to Warm up
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Irratable, Intense emotional responses
Difficult
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Adjustment is easiest when the child's terperament matches the situation
-Physically, Socially, Culturally
Goodness of Fit
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Basic trust vs Basic mistrust
Newborns develop a sense of reliablity of people and objects.
Virtue in hope
- Can I count on you to feed me when I'm hungry
Erik Erikson's stage 1
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Recriprocal and enduring bond between child and caregiver
Attachment
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Pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his or her return
Secure attachment
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Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return
Avoidant attachment
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Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremly upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her own.
Ambivalent (resistant) attachment
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Pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitous, or miscirected behaviors on his or her return.
Disorganized-disoriented attachment
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Automy vs Shame
A shift from external control to self control
Virtue: trust
Erik Erikson's stage 2
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18mo-3 years
A shift from external control to self-control
Emerges from trust and self awareness
The terrible twos
Autonomy
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Helps toddler recognize need for limits
Shame and doubt
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The second major stage of cognitive development in whuch symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic. Extends between 2 and 6 years
Peroperational Stage
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Piagets term for ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.
Symbolic function
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Mentally liking a phenomena, whether logical or not
-My parents got a divorce because I was bad
Familiar settings help advance causality
- I am quiet so I wont wake the baby
Transduction
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The tendency to attribute life to inanimate objects
-The cloud is smiling at me
Familiarity increases accuracy
-I know that person is different from my doll
Animism
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Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought
Centration and Egocentrism
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Tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others
Centration
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Inability to consider another person's point of view, a characteristic of young children's thought
Egocentrisim
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Thinking simultaneously about several aspects of a situation. Inability to decenter leads to illogical conclusions.
Decentering
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Something remains the same even if its appearance is altered, such as mass, liquid, length, number, area, volume.
Conservation
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The child is aware of their thought processes, Understanding that people can hold false beliefs and deception skills.
-Distinguishing appearance vs relality and fantasy vs relality
-Childrens awareness to their on mental processes and those of other people
-Preschoolers believe that mental ability starts and stops
-My middle childhood, understand that activity is continuous
Theory of Mind
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3 steps of memory
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
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Process by which info is prepared for long-term storage and later retrival.
Encoding
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Retention of info in memory for future use
Storage
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Process by which info is accessed or recalled from memory
Retrieval
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4 types of memory
- Sensory
- Short term
- Working
- Long term- has 4 types in here
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Initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information
Sensory memory
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Refers to memories, which last for a few minutes
Short-term memory
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Showt term storage of info being actively processed
Working Memory
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Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems
Executive function
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In Baddeley's model, element of working memory that controls the processing of info.
Central executive
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Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods
Long-term memory
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Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to a time and place
Episodic memory
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Intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events
Explicit memory
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Unconscious recall, generally habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory
Implicit memory
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Long-term memory of motor skills, habits, and ways of doing things, which can be recalled without conscioud awareness; sometimes called implicit memory
Procedural memory
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Types of memory recall
Recognition and Recall
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The ability to identify something encountered before
Picking out a missing mitten
Multiple choice
Recognition
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Reproduce information from memory
-describing the missing mitten
Recall
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3 types of childhood memories
- Generic
- Episodic
- Autobiographical
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Produces 'scripts'- general outlines of repeated and familiar events
Generic
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Remembering a specific event at a specific time
Episodic
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Memories that form a person's life history
-Specific and long lasting
Autobiographical
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