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The flashcards below were created by user
Norrell
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
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volvulus
twisting intestine on itself
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ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of colon with presence of ulcers
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oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
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aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small painful ulcers
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steatorrhea
fat in the feces, frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
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melena
black, tarry stool, feces containing digested blood
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hematochezia
passage of fresh bright red blood from the rectum
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dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by baterial infection
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hemorroids
swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
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esophageal varicies
swollen varicose veins at lower end of esophagus
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colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of colon or rectum or both
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intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
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colonic polyps
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of colon
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anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near anus
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peptic ulcer
open sore in lining of stomach or duodenum
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viral hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
- hep a
- hep b
- hep c
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achalasia
failure of lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax (LES)
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diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall
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ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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ilieus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstuction of the intestines
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cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
- Calculi (stones)
- bilary colic (pain from blocked cystic or common bile duct)
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choledoch/o
common bile duct
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pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
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-chezia
defecation, elimination of waste
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-iasis
abnormal condition
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ilieum
3rd part of small intestine
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incisor
one of four front teeth in the dental arch
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isulin
Hormone produced by endocrine cells in pancreas. Transport sugar from blood to cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
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fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested
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gallbladder
small sac under liver, stores bile
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glycogen
starch. glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
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hydrochloric acid
produced in stomach, necessary for digestion
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pyloric sphincter
- ring of muscle at end of stomach near duodenum.
- gatekeeper
- opens when wave of peristalsis comes
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pylorus
- opening to duodenum
- (digital region of stomach)
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rectum
last part of Large instestines connects colon to anus
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rugae
ridges of hard palate and wall of stomach
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portal vein
Lg. vein bringing blood to liver from instestines
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protease
enzyme digests protein
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pulp
- soft tissue within tooth
- (nerves and blood vessels)
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salivary glands
- paratoid, sublingual, submadibular glands
- produce saliva (digestive juice)
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sigmoid colon
4th and last S shaped part of colon, before rectum, empties into rectum
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sphincter
circular muscle constricts passage or closes a natural opening
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stomach
organ that recieves food from esophagus
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pancreas
organ under stomach. produces insulin and enzymes
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papillae (papilla)
small elevations on tongue
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parotid gland
salivary gland in cheek
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peristalsis
rythmic contactions of tubular organs. moves stuff through digestion at different rates
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lower esophageal sphincter
ring of muscle between esophagus and stomach (cardiac sphincter)
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molar teeth
- 6th, 7th, 8th teeth from middle of dental arch
- Premolar: 4th, 5th before molars
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emulsification
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller ones, increasing surface area that enzymes use to digest fat
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enamel
hard outtermost layer of tooth
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enzyme
Chem. that speeds up reaction between substances (breakdown foods)
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esophagus
Tube connecting throat to stomach
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dentin
primary material found in teeth. Covered by enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
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duodenum
first part of small intestines.
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elimination
act of removal of materials from body
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triglycerides
fat molecules compsed of 3 part fatty acid and 1 part glycerol
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uvula
soft tissue hanging from middle of soft palate
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villi (villus)
finger like projections in walls of intestines that absorb nutrients into bloodstream
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appendix
- blind pouch hanging from cecum.
- in RLQ
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bile
- digestive juice made in liver, stored by gallbladder. Originally called gall (anger) because of bitter taste.;
- Composed of bile colors, cholesterol and bile salts.
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bilirubine
pigment released by liver in bile
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irritable bowel syndrome
group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension
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crohns disease
- chronic inflammation of intestinal tract
- (terminal ileum and colon)
- (form of inflamatory bowel disease)
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absorption
passage of materials through walls of small intestine into blood
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amino acids
small building blocks of proteins released when protein is digested
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amylase
enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
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jejunum
2nd part of small intestine
this part is always empty when body examined after death
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lipase
pancreatic enzyme digests fat
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liver
- RUQ of abdomen.
- secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, vitamins
- produces protein and destroys worn out RBC
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canine teeth
pointed dog like teeth next to incisors
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cecum
first part of large intestine
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colon
- Lg. intestine.
- consisting of cecum (ascending, transverse and descending parts of colon) and rectum
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common bile duct
Carries bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum
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sialaden/o
salivary gland
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chlorhydro/o
hydrochloric acid
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glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
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constipation
difficulty passing stools
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diarrhea
frequent passage of loose watery stool
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eructation
gas expelled from stomach through mouth
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flatus
gas expelled through anus
flatulence: presence of excessive gas in stomach and intestines
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jaundice (icterus)
yellow-orange coloration of skin and whites of eyes caused by to much bilirubin in blood
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nausea
unpleasent sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit
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dental caries
tooth decay
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hernia
protusion of an organ or part, through muscle that normally contains it.
- hiatal: upper part of stomach up to diaphram
- inguinal: bowel through abdomen
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gastric cancer
malignant tumor of stomach
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esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of esophagus
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pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
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pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids or fluids return to mouth from stomach
heartburn
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peridontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth and surrounding bone
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herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus
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dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
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borborygmus (borborygmi)
rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid or both in gastrointestinal tract.
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anorexia
lack of appetite
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-ectasis
-estasia
- stretching
- dilation
- dilatation
- widening
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-lysis
destruction, breakdown, separation
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-ptosis
- drooping, sagging
- protruding
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-rrhage
-rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
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-spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
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-stasis
stopping, controlling
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-stenosis
tightening, stricture, narrowing
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Liver function tests (LFT's)
tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood
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Alk Phos
alkaline phosphatase
enzyme that my elevate in patients with liver, bone and other diseases
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serum bilirube
can elevate in patients with liver disease and jaundice
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Direct bilirubin test
indirect bilirubin test
direct: measure conjugated bilirubin
indirect: measure unconjugated bilirubin
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stool culture
test for microorganisms in feces
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stool guaic test or hemoccult test
test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces
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lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)
X-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into rectum
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upper gastrointestinal series
X-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by mouth
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cholangiography
X ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile ducts.
- percutaneous: administered through abdomin
- retrograde: through oral catheter
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computed tomography
a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (especially cross section)
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abdominal ultrasonography
sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce image of abdominal viscera
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endoscopic ultrasonography
use of an endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body
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gastric bypass or
bariatric surgery
reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to jejunum (gastrojejunostomy)
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gastrointestinal endoscopy
visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope
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laparoscopy
visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen
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liver biopsy
removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination
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nasogastric intubation
insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach
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paracentesis
(abdominocentesis)
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
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Alk Phos
alkaline phosphatase
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ALT, AST
- alanine trasaminase
- aspartate trasaminase
- enzymes measured to evaluate liver function
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BRBPR
bright red blood per rectum
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EGD
espphagogastroduodenoscopy
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ERCP
- endoscopic retrograde
- cholangiopancreatography
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EUS
endoscopic ultrasonography
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FOBT
fecal occult blood test
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G Tube
- gastrostomy tube
- also called stomach tube
- used to introduce nutrients into stomach after insertion through the abdomal wall with laparoscopic instruments
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GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
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IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
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LAC
laparoscopic assisted colectomy
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LFT's
liver function tests
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MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
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PEG Tube
- percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube
- feeding tube
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PEJ Tube
- percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube
- feeding tube
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PTHC
percutaneous trashepatic cholangiography
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TPN
intravenous TPN solutions typically contain sugar, protein, electrolytes and vitamins
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T Tube
tube placed in the bile duct for drainage into small pouch on the outside of body
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