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Database:
a collection of data organizations in a way that facilitates data search
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Keys:
link information that have a relationship and identify them uniquely
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Primary Key:
the main key
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Foreign Key:
key used in another table
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Compound Key:
using keys together
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3 types of relationships–
- -1 to 1 (1 ID# to 1 student)
- -1 to many (1 teacher to many students)
- -many to many (many students and many classes)
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Which is easier to add to a database, rows or columns?
rows are because columns can be costly and difficult
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knowledge worker:
individual who is relatively well educated and who creates, modifies, and/or synthesizes knowledge as a fundamental part of a job
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Globalization:
integration of economies throughout the world, enabled by technological progress
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Economic changes:
increase international trade, develop global financial systems and currency, and outsourcing
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Cultural Change:
increased multiculturalism via movies/TV, international travel, ethnic foods, and social networks
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Technological changes:
low-cost computing and communication
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Key factors enabling globalization:
- -fall of Berlin Wall
- -Netscape released
- -work flow software
- -uploading
- -outsourcing
- -offshoring
- -supply chaining
- -in sourcing
- -in forming
- -the steroids
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work flow software:
software that makes processes easier
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uploading:
people could put info out there
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outsourcing:
having another company do a service for you
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offshoring:
taking manufacturing to another country
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in sourcing:
bringing in services
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The Steroids:
everything in the key factors to move everything along
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supply chaining:
moving a product from manufacturer to customer
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5 key elements:
- -people
- -hardware
- -software
- -data
- -telecomunications networks
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technical competency:
hardware, software, networking
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business competency:
business integreation, managing people/projects, social skills, verbal
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Systems competency:
system integration, development methods, critical thinking, problem solving
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Why organizations use info systems:
- -more productive
- -gain competetive advantage
- -reach more customers
- -improve customer service
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If info is stored at a database, who owns the info?
whoever maintains the database
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3 levels of decision making –
- -executive
- -managerial
- -operational
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Executive level of decision making:
executive managers, focus on long-term strategies
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Managerial level of decision making:
functional, control operational level
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Operational level of decision making:
recurring, often automated, optomize process
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automating:
doing things faster
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Organizational:
doing things faster
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Supporting Strategy:
doing things smarter
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Pursuit of competetive advantage:
- -best made product
- -superior customer service
- -lower cost that rivals
- -proprietary manufacturing tech
- -shorter development/test lead times
- -well known brand name
- -more value for money
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Sources of competetive advantage:
- -quality
- -service
- -low cost
- -proprietary
- -innovation
- -brand
- value
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Level of industry competetiveness:
- -threat of substitute
- -barganing power of buyers
- -threat of new entrants
- -barganing power of suppliers
- -rivalry among existing firms
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International business strategies:
- -home replication
- -global business
- -multidomestic
- -transnational
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Innovation is often fleeting ______
advantages gained from innovation are often short lived
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Innovation is often risky ________
sometimes superior products can lose
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Innovation choices are often difficult _____
can't predict the future....
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Organizational requirements for innovation –
- -process requirements (willing to change)
- -resource requirements (have man power)
- -risk tolerance (tolerate risk and uncertanty)
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The Innovator's Dilemma:
disruptive innovations, when new tech surpasses dominant tech
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Freeconomics:
leverage of digital tech to provide free goods and services to customers as a business strategy to get a competetive advantage
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Approaches to applying Freeconomics –
- -advertising
- -freemium (free with SOME premium services)
- -cross-subsidies
- -zero marginal cost
- -labor exchange
- -gift economy
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cross-subsidies:
you get something cheaper, but the company still gets the contract money
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zero-marginal cost:
products distributed without appreciable cost to anyone
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labor exhange:
services provided to customer, service use creates value
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gift economy:
enviroments created to add/share info like Wikipedia
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Infrastructure:
interconnection of basic facilities and services enabling an area to function properly
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IS Infrastructure:
enables processing, storage, and transmitting of data
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Components of IS Infrastructure:
- -hardware
- -software
- -communications and collaborations networks
- -databases
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Processing tech:
performs computations and store data electronically, transforming input to output
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3 step process that data goes through
- 1) input
- 2) process
- 3) output
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What is a CPU for?
responsible for performing all the operations of the computer, including loading the OS and boot-up
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Programs:
set of instructions (System software and Application software)
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Digitization:
any input the computer receives is translated into binary code
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System Softare:
colletion of programs that control the basic operations of computer hardware
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Application software:
for performing specific user tasks, app software interacts with system software
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Types of computers (awesome to average)
- -supercomputer
- -mainframe
- -servers
- -workstation
- -microcomputer
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Mainframe:
central computing system for gov. agencies or corporations
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Servers:
computer on network, makes services available to others on network
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Workstation:
desktop computer, used for visualizations of 3D rendering
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Microcomputer:
for personal computing/small businesses
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2 most important assests an organization has:
knowledge and data
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operational data is usually stored in:
databases or files
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What fuels electronic commerce?
database tech
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Database Management System:
program that allows organizations to more easily retrieve, store, and analyze info
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Components of communication –
- -senders and receivers with something to share
- -a transmission medium
- -protocols dictating communication
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bandwidth:
transmission capacity measured in bits per second
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client:
ues servers, only request services; usually one user per client
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Peers:
many requests and provide services, popular for file sharing and telephony
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Packet switich tech
on one wire, messages are divided into packets and sent one at a time
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TCP:
transmission control protocol, breaks info into packets, manages transfer of packets
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IP
Internet Protocol, defines how packets must be formed and contains destination address
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Router:
forwards packet between networks
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IP Datagram:
data packets that coforms to the IP specs
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WWW:
system of interlinked documents on the internet
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Issues with managing the IS Infrastructure
- -Obsolence (tech improves too fast)
- -storage needs
- -space and facility requirements
- -energy consumption
- -demand fluctuations
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.com:
commercial organizations
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.org:
non-profit organization
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.net:
network organizations
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.gov:
government organizations
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Software obsolence:
tech improves so fast that tech goes out of date really fast
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Utility computing model:
organizaions "rent" resources from an external provider on an as-needed basis
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Virtualizaion:
virtual machines running on a single powerful computer
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Strategic issues on Cloud Computing:
- -scalability
- -viability
- -diversity of offerings
- -support policies
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Technical issues in Cloud Computing:
- -availability/reliability
- -security
- -compliance
- -privacy
- -often covered in service-level agreements
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Grid computing:
solving large-scale computing problems
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Edge computing:
increasing web app performance by decentralizing storage/processing
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Electronic Commerce:
online exchange of goods and services and money
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Common types of commerce:
- -business to consumer
- -business to business
- -business to employee
- -consumer to consumer
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Global info dissemination:
products and services distributed over large distance
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Integration:
web sites can be linked to keep info up to date with databases
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Mass customization:
firms can tailor product and services to meet cusomer needs
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Interactive commnication:
companies can communicate with customers to improve customer service
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Collaboration:
different departments of a company can use the web to collaborate
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Transactional support:
clients and businesses can conduct business online without human support
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Components of a business model
- -revenue model
- -value proposition
- -competetive environment
- -marketing strategy
- -management team
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Revenue model
the way a firm generates income
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Value proposition:
the utility that the product/service has to offer to customers
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Competetive environment:
existing players in the market and the nature of the competition
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marketing strategy
promotion plan of product/service
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management team:
background and experience of the company leadership
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Affilate marketing:
paying business bring or refer ustomers to another business
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subscription based:
users pay monthly or yearly fees for prod./serv.
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transaction fees:
commission paid to the business for aiding in the transaction
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traditional fees:
consumer busy prod./serv. from web
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web advertising:
free prod./serv. is supported by advertising displayed on the web site
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Extranet:
private part of the internet
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Electronic Data Interchange:
computer to computer communication following standards
-
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supplier portals:
1 buyer, multipler suppliers
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customer portal:
many buyers, 1 supplier
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E-tailing:
selling goods online
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E-commerce web site rule:
- -offer something unique
- -look nice
- -easy to use and fast
- -motivates people to use it
- -must advertise prescence on the web
- -user should learn from web site
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Forward auction:
sellers post something for sale, highest bid wins
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Reverse auction:
buyers post request for quote, lowest seller bid wins
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E-auction fraud types:
- -bid luring
- -reproductions
- -bid shedding
- -shipping fraud
- -payment failure
- -nonshipment
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Types of internet marketing:
- -search marketing
- -display ads
- -e-mail marketing
- -social media
- -mobil marketing
- -pricing models
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Impression-based pricing model:
based on the # of times someone views the page containing the ad
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Performance-based pricing model:
like pay-per-click
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click fraud:
manually or automatically inflating # of clicks
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M-commerce:
electronic transactions using wireless mobile devices
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