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Homeostasis
Concept that implies a state of "normalcy" in the body; it is reached when things are operating within normal biological limits.
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Sensory receptors sense changes in
- External environment
- Internal environment
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CNS
- Central Nervous System
- Brain and spinal cord
- Does not include cranial and spinal nerves
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Integration function
Brain and spinal cord (CNS) involved in analysis of sensory information and problem solving
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Response (motor) function
The CNS "decides" how to respond and does so through muscle contraction and glandular secretion
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Peripheral nervous system - PNS
- Voluntary
- 12 pairs cranial nerves; 31 pairs spinal nerves
- Somatic nervous system (SNS)
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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SNS - Somatic (afferent) neurons
carry impulses from receptors to CNS
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SNS Motor (efferent) neurons
carry impulses from CNS to effectors skeletal muscle only
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Autonomic nervous system - ANS
Involuntary
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ANS Sensory (afferent) neurons
carry impulses from visceral receptors to CNS
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ANS Motor (efferent) neurons
carry impulses from CNS to visceral effectors - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
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Functional Classification: Sensory (afferent) division
has both CNS and PNS components
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Somatic sensory
Transmits impulses from skin fascia, joints and skeletal muscle to CNS
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Visceral sensory
Transmits impulses from visceral structures to CNS
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Functional classification: Motor (efferent) division
Has both CNS and PNS components
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Somatic Motor - SNS
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
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Autonomic motor - ANA
Involuntary control of visceral effectors
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Cell body (soma)
Nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm of a neuron (excluding it's dendrites and axon)
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Nucleus
Contained in the cytoplasm
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nucleolus
contained in the nucleus
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Nerve Fibers
Any extension or process from cell body
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Axons
Neuron process that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body "output"
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Dendrites
- Neuron processes that conduct information to the cell body "input"
- Form receptors at ends of sensory neurons
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Lipofuscin
Clumps of yellow pigment; increases with age; may be produced by lysosomes
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Chromatophilic substances (nissl bodies)
Consist of both free and attached (bound) ribosomes; make proteins for repair and neurotransmitters
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Axon hillock
Origin of axon
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Neurotubules
Microtubules that form the cytoskeleton
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Neurofilaments
Intermediate filament aggregates that form neurofibrils
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Neurofibrils
Form networks; support axons and dendrites
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Axoplasm
Cytoplasm of axon; has mitocondria; no nissl bodies
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Axolemma
Plasma membrane of axon
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Axon collaterals
Side brances of axon
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Axon Terminals (telodendria)
First end branches of axons
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Synaptic boutons (bulbs, feet, plates, or knobs)
Supply several to 100,000 muscle fiber
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Synaptic vesicles
contain neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
about 40 - 50 plus known
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