-
disease immunity established through cellular memory following exposure to the disease antigen
acquired immunity
-
production of antibodies which combat a specific disease
active immunity
-
chemical agent used specifically for treatment of bacterial infection
antibiotic
-
macromolecules on the surface of cells that identify them as part of the organism or foreign
antigens
-
primitive, single-celled prokaryotes
archaea
-
spread of infection from one part of the body to another part
autoinfection
-
rod-shaped bacteria that occur in pairs, chains or filaments
bacilli
-
virus that invades bacterial cells and can replicate from within the cell
bacteriophage
-
unicellular microorganism with rigid cell wall
bacterium
-
method of classifying living organisms by genus and species
binomial system
-
measure of number of bacterial colonies on a surface
bioburden
-
surface layer on some cells that resists chemicals and invasion of viruses
capsule (slime layer)
-
protein substance containing genetic code of the cell
chromatin
-
round or spherical bacteria that occur in chains, pairs or clusters
cocci
-
relationship between two organisms in which one uses the other for physiological needs but causes it no harm
commensalism
-
spread of infection from one person to another or from object to person
cross-contamination
-
substance contained within the cell which contains fluid cystosol and functional "organs" of cell
cytoplasm
-
separation of tissue edges of a surgical wound
dehiscence
-
mechanism for adjusting amount of light entering microscope
diaphragm
-
uniform dispersal of particles in a solution or across a membrane
diffusion
-
process by which cell engulfs large particles in environment
endocytosis
-
extension of nuclear membrane in the cell that facilitates the movement of protein out of nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
-
bacterial toxins associated with outer membrane of certain Gram-negative bacteria - released when cells are disrupted or broken down
endotoxins
-
basic type of cell - surrounded by membrane and contains complex organs for metabolism and reproduction
eukaryote
-
protrusion of internal organ through a wound or surgical incision
evisceration
-
process in which substances are removed from a cell
exostosis
-
toxic substances produced by microorganisms and excreted outside bacterial cell
exotoxins
-
ability of some organisms to live with or without oxygen
facultative
-
intermediate, inanimate source in process of disease transmission
fomite
-
extension of endomembrane of cell that stores, modifies and transports large molecules
Golgi apparatus
-
breakdown or rupture of red blood cells
hemolysis
-
nonspecific immunity present from birth - body's normal physiologic reaction to injury
innate immunity
-
process whereby viruses replicate their genetic material and then cause host cell to rupture, releasing genetic material
lysogenesis
-
organelle capable of releasing enzymes to kill the cell
lysosome
-
organelle that synthesizes ATP to provide cellular energy
mitochondrion
-
relationship of two organisms of different species in which both benefit by the association
mutualism
-
referring to fungi
mycotic
-
region of prokaryotic cell where DNA is located but not enclosed
nucleoid
-
organielle inside nucleus that contains proteins necessary for cell reproduction
nucleolus
-
movement of substances or liquid by diffusion or osmosis
passive transport
-
having developed pus and fluid
suppurative
-
developed first smallpox vaccination in 1796
Edward Jenner
-
first practiced surgery using antiseptic practices in 1867
Joseph Lister
-
developed first rabies vaccine in 1885
Louis Pasteur
-
discovered penicillin in 1928
Alexander Fleming
-
7 classifications of biology system
- genus
- family
- order
- class
- phylum
- kingdom
- domain
-
classifications of microbes
- bacteria
- viruses
- prions
- fungi
- protozoa
- rickettsiae
-
cell theory developed in 1600s
- cell is fundamental unit of all living things
- all living things are composed of cells
- all cells are derived from other cells
-
basic type of cell
eukaryote
-
what facilitates movement of protein out of the nucleus?
endoplasmic reticulum
-
what stores and modifies large molecules and transports them inside the cell?
Golgi apparatus
-
what is responsible mainly for synthesizing ATP?
mitochondria
-
what is the primary structural difference between prokaryote and eukaryote?
absence of a distinct nucleus in the prokaryote
-
movement of liquid through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
-
process in which the cell engulfs large particles from outside the cell
endocytosis
-
cell takes in water and small particles by surrounding them with a membrane-covered blister or vesicle
pinocytosis
-
large particles engulfed and digested by the cell
phagocytosis
-
contents of lysosome released from the cell
exocytosis
-
gram-positive bacteria
- thicker wall
- appears dark purple under gram stain
-
gram-negative bacteria
- thinner wall that does not absorb stain
- appear pink under gram staining
-
2 dyes used in gram staining
- crystal violet as primary stain
- safranin as counterstain
-
what is acid-fast staining technique primarily used for?
identification of Mycobacterial organisms, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
what acid-fast stain test is most commonly used?
Ziehl-Neelsen test
-
what is involved in Ziehl-Neelsen test?
- uses stain carbofuschin or methylene blue
- colors the cell wall pink, leaving a blue background
-
2 main types of microscopes
- optical microscope
- scanning probe microscope
-
bacteria that cause infection
pyogenic
-
pyogenic bacteria
- streptococcal
- staphylococcal
- meningococcal
- pneumococcal
- gonococcal
- coliform bacilli
-
bacteria that produce spores can live in temp ranges of what?
- -4 to 194 degrees F
- -20 to 90 degrees C
-
at what pH level can Helicobacter pylori invade gastric mucosa and reproduce?
pH of 2
-
2 important spore-forming bacteria
- Clostridium tetani
- Bacillus anthracis
-
dormant phase in reproductive cycle in which bacteria form a thick, multilayered protein wall around genetic material which can resist boiling, drying, chemical destruction and high pressure
endospore
-
4 bacterial characteristic phases of growth
- lag phase
- exponential log phase
- stationary phase
- death phase
-
phase of bacterial growth in which the bacterial do not divide, but are processing or synthesizing components for cell division
lag phase
-
phase of bacterial growth in which cell division rate is conostant and rapid
exponential (log) phase
-
bacterial growth rate in exponential phase
doubling time or generation time
-
phase of bacterial growth in which cell division stops
stationary phase
-
phase of bacterial growth in which bacteria can no longer survive and colony dies out
death phase
-
most widespread cause of surgical site infections
Staphylococcus aureus
-
examples of Gram-positive cocci
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Staphylococcus epidermis
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
-
what is the primary cause of pneumonia and otitis media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
-
examples of aerobic Gram-negative rods and cocci
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Bordetella pertussis
- Enteric bacteria
- Escherichia coli
- Salmonella enterica
- Salmonella typhi
-
examples of spore-forming bacteria
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Clostridium difficile
-
most common cause of urinary tract infections
E. coli
-
type of bacteria carried by specific species of ticks, mites, and fleas
Rickettsiae
-
nonliving infectious agent that ranges in size from 10 to 300 nm
virus
-
pathogenicity of viruses
- ability to enter healthy cell
- ability to develop
- ability to resist host's defense mechanisms
- cell transformation
- ability to synthesize substances not normally produced by the host cell
- ability to initiate structural changes in the host cell
-
HIV can be transmitted through what body fluids?
- blood
- semen
- vaginal secretions
- breast milk
- cerebrospinal fluid
- synovial fluid
- amniotic fluid
- any body fluid containing blood
-
disease of liver that is caused by one of 5 significant viruses
viral hepatitis
-
how are hepatitis B, C and D viruses transmitted?
when infected blood enters body of another person
-
how are hepatitis A and E viruses transmitted?
through contaminated food or water
-
incubation period of hepatitis B
10 to 12 weeks
-
causal agent of liver cancer
hepatitis C
-
predictors for HPV in women
- women under 25 years of age
- multiple sex partners
- early onset of sexual activity
- male partner with history of multiple partners
-
most important prion disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
-
requirements for infection
- microbe must have entry site and exit site
- microbes must be present in sufficient numbers
- environment must be well suited to pathogen
- host must be unable to overcome harmful mechanisms of pathogen
-
completely free of all microorganisms
sterile
-
portals of entry
- urogenital infection
- skin penetration
- sexually transmitted diseases
- mother-to-infant transmission
-
phases of disease
- incubation
- prodromal phase
- acute phase
- convalescence
-
for what types of infections are antibiotics used?
bacterial and fungal
-
main mechanisms of antimicrobial therapy
- inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- interference with genetic replication (protein synthesis)
- inhibition of metabolic pathways in the microbe
-
second most frequent type of HAI in US hospitals
surgical site infections
-
2 general types of immunity
- innate immunity
- acquired immunity
-
immunity that exists from time of birth
innate immunity
-
body's defense mechanisms against infection
- intact skin
- respiratory system
- bacteriostatic chemicals in saliva, low pH in stomach and resident flora in intestine
- normal flora
- inflammatory response
- cellular response
-
functions of resident flora
- prevent invading organisms from colonizing
- maintain pH of skin and mucous membranes to prevent growth of harmful microorganisms
- produce fatty acids on skin to serve as barrier
-
4 classic signs of inflammation
-
2 types of acquired immunity
- active immunity
- passive immunity
-
active immunity developed in 2 ways:
- getting the disease
- vaccination
-
passive immunity occurs when:
- fetus receives antibodies in utero
- antibody given by injection
-
2 main types of vaccinations
- live attenuated vaccines (viruses and bacteria)
- inactivated vaccines (whole and fractional)
-
4 categories of allergic reactions
- type I - inflammation of tissues
- type II - cytotoxic reaction - result of interaction between 2 antibodies and cell surface antigens
- type III - caused by antigen-antibody complexes
- type IV - cell-mediated reactions
-
most extreme form of type I allergic reaction
anaphylactic shock
-
example of type II allergic reaction
mismatched blood transfusion and hemolytic disease in newborns
-
example of type III allergic reaction
allergy to antibiotics
-
example of type IV allergic reaction
positive reaction to tuberculin skin test
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