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Upper chambers of the heart
right and left atria
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Lower chambers
right and left ventricles
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septum
atrial septum separates atria
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Tricuspid valve (3 flaps)
lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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mitral valve (2 flaps)
lies between left atrium and left ventricle
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Three layers of the heart
Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
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Epicardium
covers the heart
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Myocardium
middle, thick, muscular layer
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Endocardium
inner lining of the heart
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Blood Vessels
Tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
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Arteries
Carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the body cells. Except the pulmonary artery carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs
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Arterioles
smallest arteries
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Aorta
largest artery in the body
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Veins
carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the heart. Except the pulmonary vein
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Venules
smallest veins in the body
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Venae Cavae
largest veins in the body
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Inferior vena cava
carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm
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Superior vena cava
carries blood to the heart from upper part of body
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Capillaries
connect arterioles with venules
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angi/o
vessel (usually blood vessel)
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ather/o
fatty plaque, yellowish
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electr/o
electricity, electrical activity
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isch/o
deficiency, blockage
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-graph
instrument used to record, record
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-gram
record, radiographic image
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-graph
instrument used ot record
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-graphy
process of recording, radiographic imaging
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acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to heart
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Aneurysm
ballooning of weakened portion of arterial wall
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angina pectoris
chest pain from insufficient supply of blood to heart
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arrhythmia
disturbance or abnormality in heart's normal rhythmic pattern
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atrial fibrillation (Afib, A-fib)
cariac arrhythmia causing chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria
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cardiac arrest
sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation
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cardiac tamponade
acute compression of the heart by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
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coarctation of the aorta
narrowing of the aorta,
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congenital heart disease
heart abnormality present at birth
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
inability of heart to pump sufficient blood supply
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coronary artery diesease (CAD)
condition of reduced blood flow through coronary arteries to myocardium
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coronary occlusion
obstruction of an artery
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deep veiin thrombosis (DVT)
condition of thrombus in a deep vein
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hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressue
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intermittent claudication
pain/ discomfort in calf muscles while walking
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mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of mitral valve from scarring
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myocardial infarctio (MI) heart attack
death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium, interrupted blood supply causing lack of oxygen
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peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
narrowing or complete obstruction of arteries in arms and legs
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rheumatic heart disease
damage to heart muscle or heart valves caused by rheumatic fever
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varicose veins
distend or tortuous veins
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aneurysmectomy
surgical excision of aneurysm
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atrial fibrillation (atrial fib) ablation
abnormal cells that trigger atrial fib are destroyed by using radifrequency energy
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cardiac pacemaker
used to treat abnormal heart rhythm
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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgical technique to bring new blood supply to heart by detouring around blocked arteries
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Coronary stent
device placed in coronary artery to prevent closure of artery after angioplasty or atherectomy
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embolectormy
surgical removal of embolus or clot
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femoropopliteal bypass (fempop)
surgery to establish alternate route from femoral artery to the popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
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implantable cardiac defibrillator
continually monitors heart rhythm, delivers electric shock if life-threatening arrhythmia occurs
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intracoronary thrombolytic therapy
injection of medication to dissolve blood clotes in the coronary arteries
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)- also called balloon angioplasty
procedure to expand inner diameter of blood vessel to allow blood to circulate more freely
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echocardiogram (ECHO)
used to detect valvular disease
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digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
digital radiographic imaging of blood vessels
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Doppler ultrasound
study uses sound for detection of blood flow within vessels
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exercise stress test
evaluates cardiac function during physical stress
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single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
nuclear medicine scar, visualizes heart from several different angles
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thalllium test
radioacctive isotope injected intravenously, used to diagnose coronary artery disease or revascularization after CABG
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transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
ultrasound probe placeed in esophagus
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impedance plethysmography (IPC)
plethysmograph measures changes in blood volume and resistance (impedance) in vein
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ausculation
hearing sounds within body through a stethoscope
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blood pressure
measures pressure exterted by blood against blood vessel walls
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pulse
number of times per minute heatbeat felt on arterial wall
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sphygmomanometer
device to meaure blood pressure
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C-reactive protein (CRP)
indicates inflammation in body when elevated
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Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)
enzyme released by heart and skeletal muscle when there is iinjury or necrosis
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homocysteine
amino acid, may indicated increased risk of cardiovascular disease if elevated
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lipid profile
used to assess risk of developing cardiovascular disease
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troponin
heart muscle enzyme
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defibrillation
applying electric shock to myocardium through cehst wall to restore normal rhythm
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diastole
phase when ventricles relax between contractions
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extracorporeal
occurring outside the body
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extravasaion
escape of blood from vessel into tissue
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fibrillation
contraction of atria or ventricles becomes non coordinated and quivers rapidly
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heart murmur
humming sound
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hypertension
blood pressure above normal (140/90)
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hypotension
blood pressure below normal (90/60)
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lipids
fats and fatlike substances
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lumen
space within a tubular part of organ
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occlude
to close tightly, to block
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systole
phase in cardiac cycle when ventricles contract
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vasoconstrictor
agent or nerve that narrows blood vessels
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Vasodilator
agent or nerve that enlarges blood vessels
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ACS
acute coronary syndrome
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CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
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CAD
coronary artery disease
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CHF
congestive heart failure
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CPK
creatine phosphokinase
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CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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DSA
digital subtraction angiography
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ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
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HHD
hypertensive heart disease
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ICD
implantable cardiac defibrillator
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PAD
peripheral artery disease
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PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
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TEE
transesophageal echocardiogram
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