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Oldest technique of looking at how the brain works.
Experiemental ablation
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The removal or destruction of a portion of the brain of a lab animal; presumably, the functions that can no longer be performed are the ones the region previously controlled.
Experimental ablation
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Another word for the damage done to the brain in experimental ablation.
Brain lesion
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An ablation technique where you insert wire into the brain that emits a high radio frequency, and it kills everything close by (whole neurons and axons)
RF lesion
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An ablation technique that uses an exitatory amino acid, kills only cell body, not axons of nearbyb cells. Stimulates cells to death.
Excitotoxic lesions
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An ablation technique that is like a placebo or control. You perform surgery, not do not damage the brain. Can see if an animal's personality changes simply from opening the skull cap.
Sham lesion
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Usually lesions are permanent, but sometimes scientists use an anesthetic into a brain that blcoks action potentials to that part of the brain for a short time. This is called...
Reversible brain lesion
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Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electronde or cannula in a specified position of the brain.
Stereotaxis surgery
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A device that permits a surgeon to position an electrode or cannula into a specific part of the brain.
Stereotaxic apparatus
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A collection of drawings of sections of the brain of a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery
Stereotaxic atlas
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A histological method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region
Anterograde labeling method
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Antereograde labeling is used to trace what?
Efferent axons
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A protein derived from kidney beans and used as an anterograde tracer; taken up by dendrites and cell bodies and carried to the ends of the axons.
PHA-L
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A histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region.
Retrograde labeling method
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A dye that serves as a retrograde label; taken up by terminal buttons and carried back to the cells.
Fluorogold
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Retrograde labeling method is used to trace what?
Afferent axons
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The use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of X-rays to produce a two-dimension picture of a "slice" through the body
Computerized tomography (CT scan)
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More detialed than CT scan, no X-rays, uses magnetic field that detects radiation of hydrogen molecules in the brain's horizontal, sagittal, and frontal planes.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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A very fine electrode generally used to record activity of individual neurons, or single-unit recording.
Microelectrodes
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An electrode used to record the electrical activity of large numbers of neurons in a particular region of the brain.
Macroelectrode
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An electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp.
EEG
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The use of a devce that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living brain.
Positron emission tomography
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As neural activity increases, what happens to metabolic acitvity?
It increases as well.
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This uses radioactive labeling of a non-metabolizable chemical.
Autoradiography
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A modification of the MRI procedure that permits the meaurement of regional metabolism of the brain
Functional MRI (fMRI)
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This compares the concordance rates of traits between monozygotic pairs and dizygotic pairs.
Twin studies
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If both twins have a certain trait (such as a disorder), they are said to be...
Concordant
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If one identical twin has schizophrenia, the chances the other one has it are? Fraternal twins?
50%/13-16%
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Adoption studies require what?
That the investigator know the identity of the parents of the people being studies.
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Adoption studies are a stronger assessment of what influences?
Genetic vs. environmental
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