ACCT 132

  1. Cost
    Resource sacrificed or forgone toachieve a specific objective
  2. Actual cost
    Cost incurred
  3. Cost accumulation
    •Collection of cost data in some organized way by means of an accounting system.
  4. Direct costs of a cost object: 
    •Costs related to the particular cost object that can be traced to that object in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way.
  5. Cost tracing
    •Describes the assignment of direct costs to a particular cost object.
  6. Indirect costs of a cost object
    •Costs related to the particular cost object that cannot be traced to that object in an economically feasible (cost-effective) way.
  7. Cost allocation
    Assignment of indirect costs to aparticular cost object.
  8. Factors Affecting Direct / Indirect Cost Classifications
    • •Factors that affect the classification of a cost as direct or indirect include:
    • –The materiality of the cost in question
    • .–Available information-gathering technology.
    • –Design of operations.
  9. Unit cost =
    Total cost/number of units
  10. Raw Materials inventory
    shows the cost of raw materials on hand
  11. Work in Process Inventory
    Shows the cost applicable to units that have been started into production but are only partially completed
  12. Finished goods inventory
    Shows the cost of completed goods on hand
  13. Manufacturing costs consist of
    DM, DL, MO
  14. Product costs
    •are costs that are a necessary and integral part of producing the finished product. 
  15. Period costs
    •are identified with a specific time period rather than with a salable product.
  16. Income state for manufacturing costs:
    • Sales
    • (COGS) =
    • Begining finished goods inventory
    • +COG manufactured
    • _Ending finished goods inventory
    • = Gross Profit
    • Minus operating expenses: Sales Salary expense/Delivery expense
    • = Operating income
  17. Schedule of COG Manufactured
    • Beg. WIP
    • Add: Direct Materials used (Beg raw materials inventory + purchases of direct materials including frieght in - ending raw inventory)
    • Add: Direct Labor
    • Add: Manufacturing Overhead (indirect materials, indirect labor, depreciation, plant utilities, insurance)
    • Subract: Ending WIP
  18. Balance sheet for manufacturing company
    • Current Assets
    • Cash
    • Receivables
    • Inventories:
    •       Finished goods
    •       WIP
    •        Raw materials
    • Prepaid expenses
    • Total
  19. Image Upload 2
  20. Image Upload 4
  21. Two purposes of management accounting are to:
    • -provide info for planning and control
    • -determine the cost of products
  22. Seven Steps to assigning costs to an individual job
    • 1. identify the job that is the chosen cost object
    • 2. Identify the direct costs of the job: DM DL
    • 3. Select the cost-allocation bases to use for allocating indirect costs to the job
    • 4. Identify the indirect costs associated with each cast-allocation base.
    • 5. Compute the rate per unit of each cost-allocation base used to allocate indirect costs to the job
    • 6. Compute the indirect costs allocated to the job
    • 7. compute the total cost of the job by adding all direct and indirect costs assigned to the job
  23. Steps toAllocating Manufacturing Overhead
    • •Step 1:  Estimate total manufacturing overhead costs for the coming period (year).
    • •Step 2:  Select an allocation base and estimate the total amount that will be used during the period (year).
    • •Step 3:  Calculate the predetermined manufacturing overhead (MOH) rate
  24. Normal spoilage
    •consists of defective units that arise as part of regular operations.
  25. Abnormal spoilage
    •is spoilage that is not part of everyday operations.
  26. Rework
    •consists of spoiled units that are repaired and sold as if they were originally produced correctly.
  27. Scrap
    •consists of the bits of direct material left over from normal manufacturing processes.
  28. Process cost systems
    •are used to apply costs to similar products that are mass produced in a continuous fashion.
  29. Similarities/ differences in Job Order and Process Cost Systems
    • Job:
    • One WIP
    • Job cost sheets
    • Each job
    • Cost of each job / units produced for the job

    • Process:
    • Multiple WIP
    • Production cost reports
    • each period
    • total manufacturing costs / units produced during the period
  30. Weighted-Average Method: 
    This method considers the degree ofcompletion (weighting) of the units completed and transferred out and theending work in process.
  31. FIFO Method: 
    • –This method considers the sum of the work performed to: •(1) Finish the units of beginning work in process inventory (if any);
    • •(2) complete the units started into production during the period; and
    • •(3) start, but only partially complete, the units in ending work in process inventory.
  32. The Five Steps of Process Costing
    • 1.Summarize the flow of physical units (of output).
    • 2.Compute output in terms of equivalent units.
    • 3.Summarize total costs to account for.
    • 4.Compute cost per equivalent unit.
    • 5.Assign total costs to units completed and to units in ending work in process.
  33. Equivalent units of production
    •measure the work done during the period, expressed in fully completed units.•This amount is used to determine the cost per unit of completed product.
  34. Equivalent Units Under FIFO
    • •Under the FIFO method, computation of equivalent units is done on a first-in, first-out basis.
    • •It is assumed that the beginning work in process is completed before new work is started.
    • •The physical unit schedule is modified to ensure that the beginning work in process and the units started and completed are reported.
  35. Accounting for Scrap
    • - recognizing scrap at the time of its production
    • - assigns an inventory cost to scrap at a conservative estimate of its net realizable value
  36. Journal entry to account for scrap
    • Dr. Material control
    • Cr. WIP control
    • (return scrap to storeroom)

    • Dr. WIP control
    • Cr. Materials control
    • (Reuse of scrap)
  37. Activity-based costing
    used when companies expand their product offerings and the products use different amounts of resources
  38. Peanut-butter costing
    •describes a particular costing approach that uses broad averages for assigning the cost of resources uniformly to cost objects when the individual products or services use those resources in non-uniform ways.
  39. Product undercosting
    •A product consumes a high level of resources but is reported to have a low cost per unit.
  40. Product overcosting
    •A product consumes a low level of resources but is reported to have a high cost per unit.
  41. Product-cost cross-subsidization
    •If a company undercosts one of its products, then it will overcost at least one of its other products or if a company over costs one of its products, it will undercost at least one of its other products.
  42. refined costing system
    •reduces the use of broad averages for assigning the cost of resources to cost objects and provides better measurement of the costs of indirect resources used by different cost objects.
  43. •Why a refined costing system?
    • –Increase in product diversity.
    • –Increase in indirect costs.
    • –Advances in information technology.
    • –Competition in product markets.
  44. Identify and Classify Activities and Allocate Overhear to Cost Pools
    • 1.Identify and classify the major activities involved in the manufacture of specific products, and allocate manufacturing overhead costs to the appropriate activity cost pools.
    • 2.Identify the cost driver that has a strong correlation to the costs accumulated in the activity cost pool.
    • 3.Compute the activity-based overhead rate per cost driver.
    • 4.Assign manufacturing overhead costs for each activity cost pool to products, using the activity-based overhead rates (cost per driver).
Author
Angele1990
ID
179985
Card Set
ACCT 132
Description
Test #2
Updated