Plant Science Chapter 7

science or practice of farming including cultivation of the soil for growing crops and raising animals

art and science of crop production and soil management

growth, development, utilization of cultivated plants

science or practice of planting, managing and caring for forests and tree plantations

study of crops that requre intense and constant care from planting through delivery to customer

farming pracitces that are profitable, environmentally sound, and good for the community

• 1. imbibition of water
• 2. hydration of tissues
• 3. absorption of O²
• 4. enzyme activation
• 5. digestion of stored food reserves
• 6. transport of hydrolyzed reserves to embryo
• 7. increase in respiration
• 8. cell divsion and enlargement
• 9. embryo emergence

flower induction via exposure to certain cold temp. for amt. of time, gibberellins, period and intensity varies with species and culivar, 32-50 F is avg. temp. range required 

endosperm, zygote

Photosynthetically Active Radiation, visible light from the sun with a wavelength of 400 - 700 nm

• long day plants: Red Clover, Orchardgrass, Spinach
• short day plants: Cotton, Soybeans, Strawberrry
• day neutral plants: Corn, Tomatoes, Cucumber

• 1. Embryo - seedling plant
• 2. Cotyledons - stored food to support seedling growth
• 3. Seed Coat - protection 
• 4. Enzymes & Horomones - digest stored food to create energy and control cell division

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

water, light, temperature, oxygen, germinable seed

• conditions during seed fill (size)
• conditions during seed storage (cool + dry)
• length of seed storage

radicle, hypocotyl, cotyledons

• 1. anchoring plants in the soil
• 2. absorbing water and mineral nutrients
• 3. conducting water and dissolved minerals, as well as organic materials to other parts of the plant
• 4. storing food materials

• Epigeous - cotyledons are pushed above ground
• Hypogeous - cotyledons remain below ground

• Determinate - shut down when they go into reproductive stage, flower from top - bottom
• Indeterminate - continue to put on growth while in reproductive stage, flower from bottom - top

Where leaf angles are adjusted so that the sun's rays are normal, or perpendicular, to the leaf during most of the day

the angle that a beam of sunlight makes with the Earth's surface (optimum angle 90 degrees)

irreversible increase in volume or dry weight (biomass)

seed germination, growth of vegetative organs and tissues, initiation & maturation or reproductive organs and tissues, fertilization, seed development and maturation, senescence and death

light, temperature, water, gases 

the contents of the cell are damaged by the formation of ice crystals that rupture the cell membranes and walls, allowing water to flow out of the protoplasm and desiccate the cells

• 1. radicle is first to emerge from seed
• 2. radicle provides anchorage and absorbs water
• 3. shoot emerges
• 4. shoot is composed of cotyledons, hypocotyl, and epicotyl which emerge

• 1. coleorhiza emerges from seed first
• 2. radicle emerges next 
• 3. coleoptile emerges from the soil
• 4. once coleoptile emerges from soil surface its growth ceases
• 5. first true leaves emerge

• 1. Lag Phase
• 2. Logarithmic Phase
• 3. Linear Phase
• 4. Dampened Exponential Phase
• 5. Steady State
• 6. Senscence

• Will Espy - Ag Bus
• Colton Ringer - Ag Engineering Tech
• Will Jointer - Ag Bus
• Thomas Bell - Farm and Ranch Mngmt
• Monica Bell - Pre Vet

• 1. Gibberellins
• 2. Cytokinins
• 3. Auxins
• 4. Ethlyene

• 1. Hydrolases
• 2. Nucleases

• immature embryo
• impermeable seed coat or hard seededness
• mechanical resistance

important in crop production, lateral shoot from base to root

• 1. Self Induction - flower when they reach morphological maturity
• 2. Photo Induction - photoperiodism; long-day plants vs. short-day plants
• 3. Thermal Induction - vernalization requirement

term used to describe how daylength controls a plant process

• P red - absorbs red light, 660 nm max. 
• P far red - absorbs far red, 730 nm max. 

Phytochromes control flowering and germination process

• Ratio of P_red to P_{far red} increases as nights become longer, SDP will begin to flower
• Ratio of P_{far red} to P_red increases as nights become shorter, LDP will begin to flower

Shading, Crop's Canopy, Full Sun

• 1. Light Quality
• 2. Light Intensity
• 3. Carbon Dioxide Concentration
• 4. Heat
• 5. Water Availability
• 6. Plant Development and Source - Sink Relationships

(dark reaction) non-light requiring reaction in photosynthesis where carbon fixation occurs

Addition of H⁺ to CO₂ to yield a chemically stable carbohydrate; H⁺ is contributed by NADPH

(Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase) enzyme in non-light-requiring reactions of photosynthesis that fixes atmospheric CO₂ into a carbohydrate and converts radiant energy to chemical energy

intensity of photosynthetically active light

*Full Sunlight = 2000 µmol/m²/s

amount of CO₂ evolved in respiration = amount of CO₂ consumed in photosynthesis