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Agriculture
science or practice of farming including cultivation of the soil for growing crops and raising animals
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Agronomy
art and science of crop production and soil management
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Plant Science
growth, development, utilization of cultivated plants
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Forestry
science or practice of planting, managing and caring for forests and tree plantations
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Horticulture
study of crops that requre intense and constant care from planting through delivery to customer
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Sustainable Agriculture
farming pracitces that are profitable, environmentally sound, and good for the community
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Describe the Process of Germination
- 1. imbibition of water
- 2. hydration of tissues
- 3. absorption of O2
- 4. enzyme activation
- 5. digestion of stored food reserves
- 6. transport of hydrolyzed reserves to embryo
- 7. increase in respiration
- 8. cell divsion and enlargement
- 9. embryo emergence
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Vernalization
flower induction via exposure to certain cold temp. for amt. of time, gibberellins, period and intensity varies with species and culivar, 32-50 F is avg. temp. range required
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Double fertilization with two polar nuclei result in a 3N ____, and fusion of the sperm with egg results in the ____
endosperm, zygote
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What does PAR stand for and what is it
Photosynthetically Active Radiation, visible light from the sun with a wavelength of 400 - 700 nm
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Name 2 of each, LDP, SDP, DNP
- long day plants: Red Clover, Orchardgrass, Spinach
- short day plants: Cotton, Soybeans, Strawberrry
- day neutral plants: Corn, Tomatoes, Cucumber
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List 4 Components of a Seed and State Function
- 1. Embryo - seedling plant
- 2. Cotyledons - stored food to support seedling growth
- 3. Seed Coat - protection
- 4. Enzymes & Horomones - digest stored food to create energy and control cell division
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3 Primary Categories of Seed Storage Products
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
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4 Germination Requirements
water, light, temperature, oxygen, germinable seed
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3 factors that affect seed quality
- conditions during seed fill (size)
- conditions during seed storage (cool + dry)
- length of seed storage
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3 Components of a Seedling
radicle, hypocotyl, cotyledons
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4 Functions of Roots
- 1. anchoring plants in the soil
- 2. absorbing water and mineral nutrients
- 3. conducting water and dissolved minerals, as well as organic materials to other parts of the plant
- 4. storing food materials
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Explain Difference Between Epigeous and Hypogeous Germination
- Epigeous - cotyledons are pushed above ground
- Hypogeous - cotyledons remain below ground
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Explain Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate Growth
- Determinate - shut down when they go into reproductive stage, flower from top - bottom
- Indeterminate - continue to put on growth while in reproductive stage, flower from bottom - top
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Heliotropic Movements
Where leaf angles are adjusted so that the sun's rays are normal, or perpendicular, to the leaf during most of the day
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Angle of Incidence
the angle that a beam of sunlight makes with the Earth's surface (optimum angle 90 degrees)
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Plant Growth
irreversible increase in volume or dry weight (biomass)
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Stages of Plant Development
seed germination, growth of vegetative organs and tissues, initiation & maturation or reproductive organs and tissues, fertilization, seed development and maturation, senescence and death
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4 Environmental Factors that Affect Plant Growth and Development
light, temperature, water, gases
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Describe What Happens on a Cellular Level When Plants are Subjected to Frost
the contents of the cell are damaged by the formation of ice crystals that rupture the cell membranes and walls, allowing water to flow out of the protoplasm and desiccate the cells
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Steps of Dicot Germination
- 1. radicle is first to emerge from seed
- 2. radicle provides anchorage and absorbs water
- 3. shoot emerges
- 4. shoot is composed of cotyledons, hypocotyl, and epicotyl which emerge
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Steps of Monoct Germination
- 1. coleorhiza emerges from seed first
- 2. radicle emerges next
- 3. coleoptile emerges from the soil
- 4. once coleoptile emerges from soil surface its growth ceases
- 5. first true leaves emerge
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Name the Sigmoid Growth Curve Phases
- 1. Lag Phase
- 2. Logarithmic Phase
- 3. Linear Phase
- 4. Dampened Exponential Phase
- 5. Steady State
- 6. Senscence
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Name 5 people and their major in class
- Will Espy - Ag Bus
- Colton Ringer - Ag Engineering Tech
- Will Jointer - Ag Bus
- Thomas Bell - Farm and Ranch Mngmt
- Monica Bell - Pre Vet
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Hormones Involved in Germination
- 1. Gibberellins
- 2. Cytokinins
- 3. Auxins
- 4. Ethlyene
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Enzymes Involved in Germination
- 1. Hydrolases
- 2. Nucleases
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3 Seed Dormancy Mechanisms
- immature embryo
- impermeable seed coat or hard seededness
- mechanical resistance
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Tillers
important in crop production, lateral shoot from base to root
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Types of Flower Induction
- 1. Self Induction - flower when they reach morphological maturity
- 2. Photo Induction - photoperiodism; long-day plants vs. short-day plants
- 3. Thermal Induction - vernalization requirement
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Photoperiodism
term used to describe how daylength controls a plant process
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2 Introconverted Forms of Phytochromes
- P red - absorbs red light, 660 nm max.
- P far red - absorbs far red, 730 nm max.
Phytochromes control flowering and germination process
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Describe Phytochrome Ratio Relationships
- Ratio of Pred to Pfar red increases as nights become longer, SDP will begin to flower
- Ratio of Pfar red to Pred increases as nights become shorter, LDP will begin to flower
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What Reduces Light Quality
Shading, Crop's Canopy, Full Sun
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Factors of Photosynthetic Rates
- 1. Light Quality
- 2. Light Intensity
- 3. Carbon Dioxide Concentration
- 4. Heat
- 5. Water Availability
- 6. Plant Development and Source - Sink Relationships
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Calvin Cycle
(dark reaction) non-light requiring reaction in photosynthesis where carbon fixation occurs
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Carbon Fixation
Addition of H+ to CO2 to yield a chemically stable carbohydrate; H+ is contributed by NADPH
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RUBISCO
(Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase) enzyme in non-light-requiring reactions of photosynthesis that fixes atmospheric CO2 into a carbohydrate and converts radiant energy to chemical energy
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Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF)
intensity of photosynthetically active light
*Full Sunlight = 2000 µmol/m2/s
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Carbon Dioxide Compensation Point
amount of CO2 evolved in respiration = amount of CO2 consumed in photosynthesis
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