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primary amenorrhea in a female with fully developed 2nd sexual characteristics
anatomical defect in genital tract: imperforated hymen or Mullerian duct abnormalities
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epithelium of vagina
- stratified squamous, non-keratinized
- contains glycogen
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epithelium of uterus
- simple pseudostratified columnar
- (fallopian tube = simple columnar)
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maternal and fetal complications with rubella
- mom: polyarthralgia, polyathritis
- fetus: cataracts, deafness, PDA
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how should a physician break difficult news to a patient?
- give them a moment of silence to process the news
- then, explain what the news means and their options
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most common cause of irregular periods 5 years after menarche and 10 years before menopause
absent ovulation (cycles can be short or long)
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to be statistically significant, what should the RR NOT be?
- 1.
- (RR > 1 indicates exposure is associatd with increased disease occurence)
- CI should not cross the value of 1 either
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Non-disjunction in down syndrome occurs in what meiosis stage
maternal meiosis I
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what prevents lactation during pregnancy, despite having high prolactin levels
estrogen (from pituitary and placenta) and progesterone (from placenta) during third trimester
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lab values in Kleinfelter's (47XXY)
- increased FSH and LH, and estradiol
- decreased testosterone
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where in the ovarian follicle are androgens made?
- theca interna cells
- under LH control
- produce androgens from cholesterol
- progesterone is also made from cholesterol
- (theca externa = connective tissue support structure)
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where in the ovarian follicle is estradiol made?
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to estradiol
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which vitamin is given at birth to prevent hemorrhagic dz of the newborn (not seen in breastmilk)
- vitamin K
- (vitamin D is also not in breastmilk - adequate sun exposure needed)
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epithelial cells of the fallopian tube
- ciliated cells = transports embryo/egg
- peg cells = secretes nutrients
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Retrospective, case-control studies are at an increased likelihood of what type of bias?
- Recall bias
- (patients who suffered an adverse event are more likely to recall risk factors than those who didn't)
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