-
thinking
the mental process of manipulating info mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decicisons,and reflecting critically or creatively
-
find and frame problems (steps in problem solving)
asking questions in creative ways and "seeing" what others do not
-
develop good problem-solving strategies (steps in problem solving)
- subgoals
- algorithyms
- neuristics
-
subgoals
intermediate goals or problems that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution
-
algorithyms
strategies including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions that gurantee a solution to a problem
-
neuristics
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not gurantee an answer
-
evaluate solutions (steps in problem solving)
once you solve a problem, you won't know if it works until you do it. have in mind a clear criteria for the effectiveness of the solution
-
rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time (problem solving steps)
rethink/redefine problems continually; how can you improve it
-
fixation (obstacles to problem solving)
using prior strategy and failing to look @ a problem from a fresh new perspective
-
functional fixedness (obstacles to problem solving)
failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing's usual functions
-
inductive reasoning
reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations
-
deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specifc instance
-
confirmation bias (heuristics)
the tendency to search for and use info that supports our ideas rather than refutes them
-
hindsight bias (heuristics)
the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we acurately predicted an outcome
-
availability heuristic (heuristics)
a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imaging similar events
-
framing
presenting info either positevly or negatively in order to change the influence it has on a individual or group
-
comparison
any process of comparing entities in pairs to judge which of each entity is preferred, or has a greater amount of some quantitative property.
-
optimism
an outlook on life such that one maintains a view of the world as a positive place. It is the opposite of pessimism
-
pessimisim
an inclination to emphasize adverse aspects, conditions, and possibilities or to expect the worst possible outcome
-
critical thinking
- thinking reflectively and productively and evalutating the evidence
- -mindfulness
- -open-mindness
-
mindfulness
state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities
-
open-mindness
state of ebing receptive to other ways of looking @ things
-
creative thinking
- thinking outside of the box
- -creativity
- -divergent thinking
- -convergent thinking
-
creativity
ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems
-
divergent thinking
thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem
-
convergent thinking
thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem
-
intelligence
all purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experince
-
first working IQ test
Binet
-
intelligence quotient
an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
-
mental age
an individuals mental develpment relative to that of other's
-
chronological age
age from birth
-
heritability
proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the memebers
-
gifted
possesing high intelligence an IQ of 130 or higher and or superior talent in a particular area
-
levels of mental retardation
- mild 50-70
- moderates 35-50
- severe 20-34
- profound anything below 20
-
sternburg's types of intelligence
- analytical intelligence
- creative intelligence
- pratical intelligence
-
analytical intelligence
ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare and contrast
-
creative intelligence
ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine
-
pratical intelligence
ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice
-
artificial intelligence
scientific feild that focuses on creating machines capable of perfomring activites that aquire intelligence when done by humans
-
problem solving
mental process of finding an appropiate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily avaliable
-
standardization
development of uniform procedures for administrering/ scoring a test and the creation of norms for the test
-
reliability
extent to which a test yeilds a consistent, reproducable measure of performance
-
phonology
a language's sound system
|
|