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What is a catabolic reactions?
A cellular reaction that breaks down complex molecules such as sugar to make their energy available for cellular work
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what is an anabolic reactions?
metabolic reaction that requires energy to assemble simple substances into more complex molecules
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what is an exergonic reactions?
reaction that has a negative changeG because it releases free energy
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what is an endogonic reactions?
reaction that can proceed only if free energy is supplied
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What is potential energy?
Energy that is stored
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what is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion
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What is the 1st law of thermodynamics
- The amount of energy in the universe is constant
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- energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed
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what is the second law of thermodynamics?
- the entropy of the universe increases with every energy transfer or transformation
- During every (g) transfer or transformation, some (G) is unusable and is often lost as heat
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What is a spontaneous process?
- can perform work only when its moving towards equillibrium
- Occurs without outside help
More free(G)--->less stable--->greater work capacity
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What are the three types of cellular work?
- chemical
- mechanical
- transport
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What is an enzyme?
Protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction
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what do enzymes do?
speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy required to start the reaction.
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what is an active site?
The region of an enzyme to which substrates bind and where catalysis occurs
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what is a substrate?
the particular reacting molecule or molecular group that an enzyme catalyzes
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What is a product?
- An atom or molecule leaving a chemical reaction
- The end result of a chemical reaction
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what is meant by the enzyme-substrate complex?
When substrate binds to active site of the enzyme and is ready for reaction to occur
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What is activation energy?
The intial imput energy needed to start a reactoin
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What are some examples of environmental factors that affect enzyme activity?
- heat
- pH
- chemicals that specifically influence enzymes
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What is entropy?
Disorder in Thermodynamics
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What is ATP?
Adenine triphosphate
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what is phosphorylation?
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
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what are energy couples reactoins?
The process in living cells by which the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to an endergonic reaction so that energy is not wasted as heat
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what is passive transport?
The transport of substances across cell membranes without expenditure of energy, as in diffusion
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what is active transport?
The mechanism by which ions and molecules move against the concentration gradient across a membrane, from the side with the lower concentration to the side with the higher concentration
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what is facilitated transport?
Mechanism by which polar and charged molecules diffuse across membranes with the help of transport proteins
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what is bulk transport?
mechanism by which extracellular water is taken into a cell toegether with any molecules that happen to be in solution in the water
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what is exocytosis?
In Eukaryotes, the process by which a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the vesicle contents to the exterior
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what is endocytosis?
In Eukaryotes, the process by which molecules are brought into the cell from the exterior involving a bulging in of the plasma membrane that pinches off to form an endocytic vesicle
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what is phagocytosis?
Process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down
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What are ribozymes?
An RNA-based catalyst that is part of the biochemical machinery of all cells
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