Bio ch 4

A cellular reaction that breaks down complex molecules such as sugar to make their energy available for cellular work

metabolic reaction that requires energy to assemble simple substances into more complex molecules

reaction that has a negative changeG because it releases free energy

reaction that can proceed only if free energy is supplied

Energy that is stored

Energy of motion

• The amount of energy in the universe is constant
• or
• energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

• the entropy of the universe increases with every energy transfer or transformation
• During every (g) transfer or transformation, some (G) is unusable and is often lost as heat

• can perform work only when its moving towards equillibrium
• Occurs without outside help

More free(G)--->less stable--->greater work capacity

• chemical
• mechanical
• transport

Protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction

speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy required to start the reaction.

The region of an enzyme to which substrates bind and where catalysis occurs

the particular reacting molecule or molecular group that an enzyme catalyzes

• An atom or molecule leaving a chemical reaction
• The end result of a chemical reaction

When substrate binds to active site of the enzyme and is ready for reaction to occur

The intial imput energy needed to start a reactoin

• heat
• pH
• chemicals that specifically influence enzymes

Disorder in Thermodynamics

Adenine triphosphate

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

The process in living cells by which the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to an endergonic reaction so that energy is not wasted as heat

The transport of substances across cell membranes without expenditure of energy, as in diffusion

The mechanism by which ions and molecules move against the concentration gradient across a membrane, from the side with the lower concentration to the side with the higher concentration

Mechanism by which polar and charged molecules diffuse across membranes with the help of transport proteins

mechanism by which extracellular water is taken into a cell toegether with any molecules that happen to be in solution in the water

In Eukaryotes, the process by which a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the vesicle contents to the exterior

In Eukaryotes, the process by which molecules are brought into the cell from the exterior involving a bulging in of the plasma membrane that pinches off to form an endocytic vesicle

Process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down

An RNA-based catalyst that is part of the biochemical machinery of all cells