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How does HbS lead to sickling
Charged amino acid to nonpolar amino acid -> hydrophobic pocket of beta to fit into alpha -> sickling.
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What is known to decrease risk of ovarian cancer
decrease number of ovulations because means less repair that has to be done
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Follicular lymphoma
- 14:18 Bcl2 overexpression
- waxing and waning lymphadenopathy
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Idraparinux
Direct Xa inhibitor -> increased PT and PTT
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FGF2
Endothelium proliferation, migration and differentiation
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Autoimmune platelet destruction
Ecchymosis, petechiae, and mucosal bleeding without signs of TTP/HUS, pancytopenia, marrow failure or splenomegaly
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CML
9:22 -> BCR-ABL -> overactive tyrosine kinase
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MDR1
ATP dependent efflxu pump in cancer for chemotherapeutics
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Fibronectin
large glycoproteins that mediate between cell adhesion and migration
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Multiple myeloma
AL amyloid -> renal failure
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Aplastic anemia
pancytopenia and dry Bone marrow aspiration
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HER2
185 KD transmembrane glycoprotein -> tyrosine kinase
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BRCA
Tumor suppressor that is involved in gene repair and regulation of the cell cycle
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What deficiency is common in alcoholics early on
Folic acid deficiency
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Hepicidin
From the liver and regulates iron content on the intestinal epithelium
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Hemolytic Uremic syndrome
- Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- Acute renal failure
- Thrombocytopenia
Caused by E. Coli and shigella
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Wiskott Aldrich
X-linked
- Eczema
- recurrent capsular infections
- thrombocytopenia
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Chloramphenicol
binds 50 sribosome and inhbits peptidyltransferase
Causes Aplastic anemia upon withdrawal
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T cell ALL structure issue
can increase mediastinum mass ->
- SVC syndrome
- dysphagia
- dyspnea
- stridor
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INcreased MCHC
- membrane problem (hereditary spherocytosis)
- Red cell dehydration
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Factor V Leiden mutation Diagnosis
- no increase in PTT when protein C added
- -> DVT and PE
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HER2
185 kD transmembrane glycoprotein -> tyrosine kinase -> epithelial growth and proliferation
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Hemophilia A or B (inheritance)
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reticulocyte staining
Have rRNA so they stain blue on Wright Giemsa stain
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Enfurvitide (mechanism)
targets gp41 -> fusion inhibitor of the membranes
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Kaposi's Sarcoma
- Mesenchymal origin
- Blue-red skin plaques on the extremities and mucus membranes
- HHV 8 and associated with HIV
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pilocytic astrocytoma
- Located mostly in cerebellum
- Lesions are solid and cystic
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Aplastic anemia
- pancytopenia
- dry bone marrow biospy
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Treatment of a patient that presents with
Painful abdomen
Red wine-colored urine
Polyneuropathy
Psychological disturbances
No cutatenous photosensitivity
After taking a barbiturate
- This is acute intermittent porphyria
- Defect in Porphobilinogen deaminase
- Treatment: glucose and heme (inhibit ALA synthase)
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Hemochromatosis and HFE gene
Unregulated iron uptake in the intestine -> liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma
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Seborrheic Keratosis
- Benign epidermal tumor that is tan brown flat and greasy
- Looks like stick on
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A1AT deficiency
decrease in FVC -> panacincar in the lower lobes
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Wilsons Disease presentation
- Ataxia/ dysarthria
- increased transaminases
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Late presentation of hemochromatosis in females
Physiologic loss of iron through menstruation -> not shown until after menopasue
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LTc4 D4 E4
- Leukotrienes ->
- vasoconstriciton, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability
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Liver appearance in sarcoidosis
Scattered noncaseating granulomas
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Psoriasis
Salmon colored lesions on elbows, knees, gluteal cleft, penis, scalp
Hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, rete ridge elongation, mitotic activity above basal layer, decrease in stratum granulosum
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Halothane in hepatoxicity
- increase aminotransferase level
- increase PT, leukocytosis
- eosinophilia
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Peau d'orange -
neoplastic cells that block dermal lymphatics
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Vitamin A deficiency in cystic fibrosis
Vitamin A responsible for differentiation of specialized epithelia -> pancreas squamos epithelia metaplasia in cystic fibrosis
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Aortic valve in 75 yoa with calcification
Dystrophic calcification = cell injury and necrosis
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Gallstones in pregnancy
- estrogen increase cholesterol secretion
- progesterone -> gallbladder hypomobility
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Sarcoidosis stages
- I- B/L hilar lymphadenopathy
- II- B/L hilar lympadenopathy + pulmonary infiltrates
- III- pulmonary infiltrates
- IV- fibrosis
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VZV histo
intranuclear inclusions in keratinocytes and multinucleated giant cells
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Cavernous hemangiomas
benign liver tumor
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