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Cell Wall
- Only in plant, fungi and bacteria
- Outer layer, rigid & strong, made of cellulose
- Function is for support, growth and allows H2O, O2, CO2 to diffuse in & out of cell
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Cell Membrane
- In all cells
- Plant - inside cell wall
- Animal - outer layer; cholesterol
- Double layer of phospholipids with proteins
- Selectively permeable
- Support
- Protection
- Controls movement of materials in/out of cell
- Barrier between cell and its environment
- Maintains homeostasis
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Nucleus
- All except prokaryotes
- Large, oval
- May contain 1 or more nucleoli
- Holds DNA
- Controls cell activities
- Contains the hereditary material of the cell
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Nuclear Membrane
- All except prokaryotes
- Surrounds nucleus
- Double membrane
- Selectively permeable
- Controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus
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Cytoplasm
- All cells
- Clear, thick, jellylike material (cytosol)
- Organelles found inside cell membrane
- Contains the cytoskeleton fibers
- Supports and protects cell organelles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
- All except prokaryotes
- Network of tubes or membranes
- Smooth w/o ribosomes (lipid synthesis, metabolism)
- Rough with embedded ribosomes (protein synthesis, exported out of cell)
- Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
- Carries materials through cell
- Aids in making proteins
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Ribosome
- All cells
- Small bodies free or attached to rough ER
- Made of rRNA & protein
- Location for all protein synthesis
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Mitochondria
- All cells except prokaryotes
- Peanut shaped
- Double membrane
- Outer membrane smooth
- Inner membrane folded into cristae
- Breaks down sugar (glucose) molecules to release energy
- Site of aerobic cellular respiration
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Vesicles and Vacuoles
- Both are membrane bound organelles
- Vesicles are small (ex. size of mitochondria)
- Vacuoles are large (ex. size of nucleus), store food and water
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Lysosome
- Vesicle containing digestive enzymes
- Recycling center for cell, breaks down molecules
- Destroys foreign bodies
- NOT found in plant cells
- Tay Sachs Disease- Defective enzyme w/in Lysosome
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Chloroplast
- Plants and algae
- Green, oval containing chlorophyll (green pigment)
- Double membrane with inner membrane modified into sacs called thylakoids
- Stacks of thylakoids called grana & interconnected
- Gel like innermost substance called stroma
- Uses energy from sun to make food (glucose) for the plant
- Process called photosynthesis
- Release oxygen
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Nucleolus
- All cells except prokaryotes
- Found inside the cell's nucleus
- May have more than one
- Disappear during cell division
- Make ribosomes
- Site of rRNA synthesis
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Golgi Apparatus
- All cells except prokaryotes
- Series of phospholipid bi layers
- Alter glycolipids and glycoproteins embedded in vesicle membranes
- Release finished vesicles into cytosol or to motor molecules for transport
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Cilia
- Animal cells, Protozoans
- Have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules
- Short, but numerous
- Movement
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Flagellum
- Bacterial cells & Protozoans
- Have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules
- Long, but few in number
- Movement
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Centrioles
- Animal cells
- Paired structures near the nucleus
- Made of a cylinder of microtubule pairs
- Separate chromosome pairs during mitosis
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Cytoskeleton
- All cells
- Made of microtubules 7 microfilaments
- Strengthen cell & maintains the shape
- Moves organelles within the cell
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Chromatin
- Composed of DNA, protein, and small amount of RNA
- DNA accessible for transcription or replication
- Dificult to transport
- Present between cell divisions
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Peroxisome
- Vesicle containing digestive enzymes
- Detox Center for cell
- Breaks down long chain fatty acids
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Central Vacuole
- Large Vacuole
- Provides structural support for the cell
- Storage of water and minerals
- Regulate physiology of some plant processes
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