RAD BIO 11/9 CH

What is radiation with suffiecient enough energy to seperate an electron from an atom?

Alpha particles consist of ___ and ____ and are therfore _____

What consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons and are therefore thought to be helium nuclei

What are emitted from unstable heavy nuclei such as radium or radon during the decay process

Alpha particles are emitted from ___ such as ____ or_____ during the decay process

Why can alpha particles only travel a short distance?

Alpha particles produce intense ionization and are therefore

Because of their charge and heavy mass ___ can travel only short distances, but they produce intense ionization and are high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations

What are extremely hazardous if ingested or inhaled bu are less danagerous if externally exposed

Where are the below found?
Alpha Particles
Beta Particles
     Negatron
     Positron
Neutrinos
Gammy rays

Where are xrays found?

What are electrons emitted by the nucleus

What is a negatively charged beta particle

What is a positron

Which beta particle is not stable and only exists for very short periods

Whenever beta particles are emitted, they are accompanied bu a small massless chargeless particle known as

Both types, positive and negative beta particles have the same rest mass as an electron and are usually emitted from the nucleus with high

If metals are used for shielding what can result?

The probability of bremsstrahlung xray production is ____ to the square of the atomic number of the absorber and ____ to the square of the mass of the incident particle.

The probability of bremsstrahlung xray production is directly proportional to the square of the ______of the absorber and inversely proportional to the square of the _____of the incident particle.

What is the bremsstrahlung radaition much more likely to occur with?

xrays and gamma rays are both forms of

Photons have ___mass and ____ charge

What are extranuclear and result from rearrangements within the electron shells or from bremsstrahlung radiation

What is the only difference between xrays and gamma rays

What are the most common types of ionizing radiation used in radation therapy

What % of radiation exposure of the US comes from natural background sources

Where does most of our radiation exposure come from

what % of radiation exposure is man made

Natural background radation comes from what 3 sources?

Although the earth's atmosphere acts as a shield from cosmic rays, the primary cosmic rays interact with molecules in the atmosphere to create other reactive agents known as

Where is cosmic ray radiation exposure higher?

Latitude, solar cycles and other factors may account for a variation of 10% exposure. The intensity varies even more with ____

Between the Rockys in CO and the swamps of Gainsville, FL, who gets the most cosmic ray radiation?

Presence of small amts of long lived isotopes of uranium, thorium, and radium is

Who estimated that radon exposure is the 2nd leading cause of lung ca in the US?

The EPA estimates that ____ exposure is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer in the US

Which exposure results from the radioactive materials that are normally present in our bodies

What is defined as the amt of ionization prodced by photons in air per unit mass of air

The traditional unit of exposure is

What is defined as the energy absorbed per unit mass of any material

The SI unit is the ____, which is defined as 1 joule of energy absorbed per kg of absorbing material

What takes into acct the fact that different types of radiation produce different amts of biologic damage

Alpha particles and neutrons are high LET and therefore have a greater ____ than xrays

What is the traditional unit of exposure

What is the traditional unit for absorbed dose

What is the traditional unit for dose equivalent

What is the traditional unit for activity

What takes into acct the effect of irradiation of only part of the body or the effect of non uniform irradiation of the body

What is the rate at which a radioactive isotope undergoes nuclear decay

The Si unit of activity is the

What are 2 kinds of gas-filled detectors used to detect when radaition is present?

The ____, consists of 2 electrodes within a gas filled chamber, an applied voltage across the electrodes and electronics and a meter to amplify and measure the electrical signal.

When ionization chambers are properly calibrated, their accuracy approaches ____ which makes them suitable for measurement of the radiation ouput of therapy equipement

What is the form of ionization chamber that is used for personnel monitoring?

Are ionization chambers sesitive? What are they suitable or not suitable for?

Because of their sensitivity ____ are best for finding contamination and other low levels of radiation

Because of their small size, ____ are widely used to measure radiation. These materials give off light when heated.

The atomic # of LiF (lithium fluoride) is close to that of ____, and since it does, it is therefore useful as a patient or phantom dosimeter.

If proper care if taken, doses of radiation can be measured with an accuracy of approx ____

After development, xray film exposed to radiation turns ____

The amt of blackness from xray that was exposed to radiation is called ____ and this is related to the amt of radiation received by the film

A typical ____ has a slot in which the film may be placed and several thin metal filters that surround portions of the film.

The filters from a film badge allow discrimination between different types of radiation. ____ will not penetrate any of the filters but can reach the film in the area where no filters are

the primary task of ____ is to analyze the existing data related to radiation exposure and to assess the radiobiologic risks with those exposures

which agency can develop dose recommendations for dose limits

The recommendations of this agency may be acted on by Congress or state govt and made into a law

Name some of the advisory agencies?

The role of this agency is to license users of radioactive materials and radiation-producing equipment, inspect users, and enforce the appropriate laws

What is one of the leading federal regulatory agency that oversees the use of isotopes produced in nuclear reactors

The isotopes are commonly used in nuclear medicine depts and as sources for teletherapy (external beam radiation) and brachytherapy. many states have entered into licensing, inspection, and enforcement agreements and are called the agreement states with the

Give an example of a Regulatory Agency

Transportation of radioactive material is primarily the concern of

The use of machines that produce ionizing radiation, such as xray units and linear accelerators fall under the jurisdiction of

A single whole body dose of _____ is lethal for 50% of the exposed population within 30 days

Even at levels below the lethal dose, there are significant long-term effects related to exposure to radiation, which 2 categories do these fall in

_____are those for which a threshold exists and for which the severity of the effect increases with dose.

What are examples of a nonstochastic effect

______-are those that have no threshold and for which the probability of occurrence is a function of dose

What are examples of the stochastic effect