bio ch.21

extract food from surrounding water; sponge,whale

live on their food and eat through the food; earth worms

drink only fluid; mosquitos

eat large pieces of food; humans

regurgitating food and rechewing it to break down cellulose of plants; cows

eat only plants; often have flat teeth for grinding; cows

eat only animals; often have sharp, pointy teeth for ripping meat; dogs

eat both plants and animals; often have both sharp,point teeth and flat teeth; humans

breaking food into small molecules to enter cells

• ingestion-you put food in your mouth
• digestion-breaking food into small molecules
• absorption-getting food into the body's cells
• elimination-getting rid of undigested material

mouth

upper,front portion of mouth

upper,back portion of mouth

thingy hanging in the back of your throat

muscle; has 4 different types of taste buds; sweet, salty,sour,and bitter

99.5 % water and is used to moisten food; controlled by nervous system

converts starch into maltose

cavaties; caused by bacteria building up on teeth, making acid which destroys tooth enamel

throat; common pathway for food and air

connection betwen mouth and stomach

muscle contractions push the food through the digestive system

keeps food in the stomach and out of the espophagus

j shaped, secretes gastric juice, holding tank

secrete stomach acid (HCl)

produce mucus to keep acid from eating stomach 

bacteria  invade and kill mucosal cells; not enough mucus produced, stomach acid actually touches underlying cells which causes pain

esophageal sphincter doesn't stay shut and acid gets into the esophagus

pain from acid in esophagus

neutralize stomach acid

block the release of acid from the parietal cells

digests proteins to amino acids

a ring of circular muscle that seperates the stomach from the small intestine 

makes bile

breaks large pieces of fat into small pieces of fat

secretes bile

secretes glucagon, insulin, and other digestive enzymes

takes glucose out of storage

makes you store glucose

converts starch to maltose

digests proteins to small polypeptides

digests nucleaic acids to sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases

breaks down lipids to 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

more digestion and absorbs nutrients; 1 inch diameter, 10 feet length

first 12 inches of the small intestine; does lots of digestion

where nutrient absorption takes place; contains a lot of capillaries

formation of feces by absorbing water; 2.5 inch diameter, 3 feet length

1st part of large intestine; pouch

does a little immune system work

stores feces

feces in large intestine too long; too much water removed

feces not in large intestine long enough, not enough water removed

unexplained change in bowel or bladder habits

materials that must be eaten because we can't make them

not enough calories in diet

body weight more than 20% above the desireable weight due to fat

missing one or more nutrients; ex: scurvy from not enough vitamin C

organic molecules that are required in diet

inorganic molecules that are required in diet