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danilamotte
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suspension feeders
extract food from surrounding water; sponge,whale
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substrate feeders
live on their food and eat through the food; earth worms
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fluid feeder
drink only fluid; mosquitos
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bulk feeders
eat large pieces of food; humans
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rumination
regurgitating food and rechewing it to break down cellulose of plants; cows
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herbivores
eat only plants; often have flat teeth for grinding; cows
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carnivores
eat only animals; often have sharp, pointy teeth for ripping meat; dogs
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omnivores
eat both plants and animals; often have both sharp,point teeth and flat teeth; humans
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digestion
breaking food into small molecules to enter cells
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how digestion works
- ingestion-you put food in your mouth
- digestion-breaking food into small molecules
- absorption-getting food into the body's cells
- elimination-getting rid of undigested material
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first organ of the digestive system
mouth
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hard palatte
upper,front portion of mouth
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soft palette
upper,back portion of mouth
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uvula
thingy hanging in the back of your throat
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tongue
muscle; has 4 different types of taste buds; sweet, salty,sour,and bitter
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saliva
99.5 % water and is used to moisten food; controlled by nervous system
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amylase
converts starch into maltose
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dental caries
cavaties; caused by bacteria building up on teeth, making acid which destroys tooth enamel
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pharynx
throat; common pathway for food and air
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esophagus
connection betwen mouth and stomach
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peristalsis
muscle contractions push the food through the digestive system
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esophagaeal sphincter
keeps food in the stomach and out of the espophagus
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stomach
j shaped, secretes gastric juice, holding tank
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parietal cells
secrete stomach acid (HCl)
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mucosal cells
produce mucus to keep acid from eating stomach
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ulcer
bacteria invade and kill mucosal cells; not enough mucus produced, stomach acid actually touches underlying cells which causes pain
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acid reflux
esophageal sphincter doesn't stay shut and acid gets into the esophagus
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heartburn
pain from acid in esophagus
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antacids
neutralize stomach acid
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acid blockers
block the release of acid from the parietal cells
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pepsin
digests proteins to amino acids
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pyloric sphincter
a ring of circular muscle that seperates the stomach from the small intestine
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bile
breaks large pieces of fat into small pieces of fat
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gallbladder
secretes bile
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pancreas
secretes glucagon, insulin, and other digestive enzymes
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glucagon
takes glucose out of storage
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insulin
makes you store glucose
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amylase
converts starch to maltose
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trypsin and chymotrypsin
digests proteins to small polypeptides
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nucleases
digests nucleaic acids to sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases
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lipase
breaks down lipids to 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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small intestine
more digestion and absorbs nutrients; 1 inch diameter, 10 feet length
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duodenum
first 12 inches of the small intestine; does lots of digestion
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villi
where nutrient absorption takes place; contains a lot of capillaries
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large intestine
formation of feces by absorbing water; 2.5 inch diameter, 3 feet length
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cecum
1st part of large intestine; pouch
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appendix
does a little immune system work
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constipation
feces in large intestine too long; too much water removed
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diarrhea
feces not in large intestine long enough, not enough water removed
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one of the 7 warning signs of cancer is
unexplained change in bowel or bladder habits
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essential nutrients
materials that must be eaten because we can't make them
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undernourished
not enough calories in diet
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obesity
body weight more than 20% above the desireable weight due to fat
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malnourished
missing one or more nutrients; ex: scurvy from not enough vitamin C
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vitamins
organic molecules that are required in diet
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minerals
inorganic molecules that are required in diet
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