Physio exam 2.1

• surface barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
• phagocytes (WBC)
• NK cells (immunological surveillance)
• inflammation
• antimicrobial protein (interferons)

• cellular immunity
• humoral immunity

• leukocyosis: neutophils enter blood from bone marrow
• margination: neutophils cling to capillary wall
• diapedesis: neutophils faltten and squeeze out of capillaries
• chemotaxis: neutrohpils follow chemical trail

• IFN enter neighbor cells to warn them (tell them to produce proteins that block viral reproduction and degrade viral RNA)
• activate NK and macrophages

• classical pathway (activated by antibodies coating the target cell)
• lectin pathway: activated by lectins binding to specific sugars on microorganism's surface
• alternative pathway: activated spontaneously; lack of inhibitors on microorganism's surface
• Membrane Attack Complex (MAC): insert into target cell and create pores that lyse target cell

coats pathogen surfaces, which enhances phagocytosis after system complements

repair and prevent the spread of damaging agents

chemicals released in ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, and blood proteins

neutrophils are short term while macrophages are ong term

• arterioles dilate, local hyperemia (increased blood flow), creating heat (increased temp increases metabolic rate) and redness
• increased capillary permeability, capillary leak fluid, leaked protein rich fluid in tissue spaces (pressure, bring clotting since more fluid means more WBC movement) creates pain and swelling (possible temporary impairment of function)
• attract neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

• leukocytes and macrophages secrete pyrogens when exposed to foreign substances
• pyrogens raise body temperature (increase metabolic rate-repair faster and causes liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc which is needed by microorganism)

• specific
• versatility
• memory
• tolerance

• active when individual is exposed to an antigen
• passive when antibodies are transferred from another source

substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. it is the targets of all adaptive immune responses

antigen binding to inactive CD8 cell

• releases perforins (forms pores) and cytokines (activates apoptosis) by exocytosis
• binds to specific membrane receptors on target cells that trigger apoptosis
• releases lymphotoxins, which disrupts metabolism

• stimulate both cell mediated and anti-body mediated immunity
• help activate T and B cells, induce T and B cell proliferation
• release cytokines to recruit other immune cells
• there is no immune response without Helper T cells

antigens bind to antibody molecules, sensizetized B cell display antigen on Class II MHC receptor, sensitized B cell attaches to helper T cell which activates them with cytokines and B cell differentiate to memory B cells and plasma cells

secrete specific antibodies, which bind to free antigens marked for destruction

do not destory antigens; they prepare them for destrution by innate defenses

antigen binding sites (determine specificity of antibody)

antigenic determinant sites

• igG
• igM
• igD
• igA
• igE

• largest and most diverse (75-80% of plasma antibodies)
• responsible for resistance agaisnt viruses, bacteria
• corss placenta for passive immunity for fetus

• largest structure; pentamer
• attack bacteria, activates complement system
• potent agglutinating agent; responsible for cross reactions of blood types

monomer attached to surface of b cells, functions as B cell receptor; aids in sensitization

• monomer or dimer
• found in exocrine secretions like mucus, tears, saliva
• attack antigens before they enter body

• monomer active in some allergies and parasitic infections
• stimulates basophils to release histamine, triggering inflammatory response

not been activated by antigen

• by neutralization: masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins; viruses)
• agglutination: (cell bound antigens), easier for phagocytosis
• precipitation: soluble antigens, but insoluble antigen-antibody complexes

complement system which leads to cell lysis and enhances phagocytosis and inflammation (chemotaxis)