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Angiosperms
container seeds enclosed in ovary, Domain - Eukarya, Kingdom - Plantae, Pylum - Anthophyta
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2 Classes of Angiosperms
- 1. Monocotyledons: parallel veination, grasses, corn, oats, wheat, barley
- 2. Eudicotyledons: net veination, roses, maples, tomatoes, peanuts
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4 Whorls of Modified Leaves of Flowers
- 1. Sepals: protect bud
- 2. Petals: attract pollinators
- 3. Carpel: female part of flower
- 4. Stamen: male part of flower
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Know the Difference Between Complete and Incomplete Flowers
- Complete: have all 4 floral parts (sepals, petals, stamen, carpels)
- Incomplete: missing one or more of the floral parts
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Know the Difference Between Perfect and Imperfect Flowers
- Perfect: have both carpel and stamen in same flower
- Imperfect: missing either carpel or stamen in flower
*refers to parts on same flower NOT same plant
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Know the Difference Between Carpellate and Staminate Flowers
- Staminate: male flowers with stamen only
- Carpellate: female flowers with carpel only
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Know the Difference Between Monoecious and Dioecious Plants
- Monoecious: plant that has staminate and carpellate flowers
- ex: Corn (incomplete, imperfect, monoecious)
- Dioecious: staminate and carpellate flowers are on seperate plants
- ex: Osage Orange (incomplete imperfect, dioecious)
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Know the Makeup of Pollen and Carpel
- Pollen: Tube Cell - help make pollen tube on carpel, Generative Cell - divides to form 2 sperm
- Carpel: Micropyle - where sperm enter the ovule, Integuments - become protective cover of seed
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Know the Makeup of the Embryo Sac
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Cells That Makeup Embryo Sac
1 Egg, 2 Synergids (one on each side of egg), 3 Antipodals, 2 Polar Nuclei
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Pollination
Pollen lands on the stigma, sperm travel down pollen tube, to the micropyle where they enter embryo sac
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Methods of Seed Dispersal
Wind (dandelion, maple), Water (coconuts, mangrove), Animals (Eaten and deposited in poop, or cling to)
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4 Plant Organs
flowers, roots, stems, leaves
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Modified Stems
- Stolons: aboveground horizontal stem
- Rhizomes: belowground horizontal stem
- Tuber: underground stem that stores carbs
- Bulb: vertical underground stem
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Know Differences Between Monocot and Eudicot Stems and Roots
- Eudicot Stem - Pith
- Monocot Root- Pith
- Eudicot Root- No Pith
- Monocot Stem - No Pith
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Modified Leaves
- Tendrils: leaves for climbing (peas)
- Spines: protection, reduce water loss (cactus)
- Succulent: store water (aloe vera)
- Brightly Colored Leaves: attract pollinators (poinsettas)
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Chytridiomycota
- phylum closest living relatives to protists
- aquatic
- decline in amphibians due to infections
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Zygomycota
- phylum that reproduces using zygospores
- ex - black bread mold, Pilobus
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Ascomycota
- phylum that reproduces using ascospores
- commonly used in Meiosis research
- ex - Morrell Mushrooms, cup fungi
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Mycorrhizae
fungus that increases surface area for absorbing water and minerals, plant produces food for fungi (+,+)
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Lichens
(+,+) relationship between fungus and algae / cyanobacteria
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Basdiomycota
- reproduce using basdiospores
- ex - bracket fungi, puff ball
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4 Basic Elements of an Animals Body Plan
- Number of tissue types found in embryo
- Type of body symmetry and degree of cephalization (brain)
- Presence or absence of fluid-filled cavity (organs)
- Way in which the earliest events in the development of an embryo proceed
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Difference Between Parazoa and Eumetazoa
- Parazoa: lack tissues, Porifera (sponges)
- Eumetazoa: animals with tissues, all others
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Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
- Endoderm: become digestive tract and assoc. organs
- Mesoderm: circulatory, muscles, bones, most other organs
- Ectoderm: skin, nervous system
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Difference Between Diploblastic and Triploblastic
- Diploblastic: 2 tissue layers as an embryo (ectoderm, endoderm), Cnidaria (jellyfish), Ctenophora (comb jellies, stingless)
- Triploblastic: 3 tissue layers as an embryo, all others
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Know the 3 Types of Symmetry
- Asymmetry: without symmetry (no planes of symmetry) ex - Porifera
- Radial: multiple planes of symmetry ex - Cnidaria
- Bilateral: single plane of symmetry ex - Chordata, Arthropoda, etc....
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Know Difference Between Acoelomate and Coelomate
- Acoelomate: without fluid-filled body cavity ex - platyhelminthes
- Coelomates: have fluid-filled body cavity ex - Annelida, Mollusca, etc..
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2 Types of Coelomates
- Pseudocoelomates: body cavity forms between mesoderm and endoderm during development which makes muscle on one side of body cavity.
- Coelomates: body cavity forms within mesoderm which makes muscle on both sides of body cavity.
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