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Lepidote
covered with small, rough scales; rough to touch; e.g. autumn olive leaves
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Recurved
curved or curled backwards or downward
-
-
forming an interlacing networ
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Scarbrous
With short, bristly hairs, rough to the touch
-
Scurfy
covered with minute scales
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Terminal bud
Bud at apex of stem
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Pseudo-terminal bud
- False terminal bud
- The upper-most lateral bud of a twig
- Leaf scar and twig scar visible
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Bud scales
- .External Scales are the protective covering over the immature shoot
- Important for identification
- Identify age of twig
-
Identiy family
Not currently a ‘timber-contributing group’
Leaves:
simple, alternate, deciduous, stipulate; petioles often glandular
Flowers:
imperfect, dioecious, ane- or entomophilous,
both sexes in separate aments appearing before leaves, each flower subtended by
a bract, staminate flowers 1-many stamens; pistillate
flowers with 2-4, 2-lobed stigmas
Fruit:
1-celled, 2-4-valved capsule with comose
seeds wind-dispersed late spring or early summer; must be kept moist or lose
viability, rapid germination 24-48 hours under ideal conditions
Salicaceae
-
-
Identify genus
Short-petioled, several times longer than wide
Nectar glands present, bract margins entire
Capsules not inserted on a disk
Buds: covered by a single caplike scale, no terminal bud
Salix
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Identify Genus
Long-petioled, petioles often flattened, usually about as wide as long
Without nectar glands; bract margins laciniate
Capsules inserted upon a cup-shaped disk
Covered by several imbricated scales; terminal bud present
Populus
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Identify Family
Habit:
trees or shrubs with stellate pubescence
Leaves:
simple, alternate, serrate, estipulate, cuneate-obovate
Flowers:
perfect, white (pink), fragrant, in racemes, actinomorphic, entomophilous,
5-merous, sepals persistent, anthers open by terminal pores
Fruit:
capsule, seeds numerous, winged
Clethraceace
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Identify genus
low,
moist to wet, shady sites
Upright
shrub to 10 feet
Erect
clusters of white flowers very conspicuous in late summer; spicy, sweet
fragrance
Capsules
persistent into winter with flower’s
former style still protruding from center
- Clethra
- C. alnifolia (sweet pepper bush)
-
Identify family
Habit:
Shrubs, some trees, often able to grow on poor soils (e.g. NJ Pine Barrens)
Leaves:
deciduous or persistent, alternate (rarely opposite, whorled), simple,
estipulate
Flowers:
perfect, mostly sympetalous,
5-parted, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, entomophilous
Fruit:
capsule, berry, drupe
Ericaceae
- Huckleberries,
- cranberries, blueberries, laurel, rhodos
-
Identify genus
Leaves:
persistent, coriaceous, entire to finely toothed, dark green, pale below
Flowers:
white, urn-shaped, drooping terminal panicles in spring
Fruit: an
orange-red drupe
Bark:
dark reddish brown, dividing into thin scaly plates
Arbutus
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Identify genus
Leaves: lanceolate-elliptic,
serrulate
especially towards apex; petiole and midrib (on leaf underside) hairy; sour
tasting; dark red to scarlet or yellow in fall
Flowers:
white, urn-shaped on elongated terminal panicles; valued for honey
Fruit:
gray capsules erect on panicle (infructescence)
Bark:
longitudinally furrowed, blocky on large trees
Small
to medium-sized tree, 50’, 12”dbh;
moderately intolerant
Oxydendrum- sourwood
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Identify genus
Habit:
shrubs or small trees
Leaves:
evergreen or deciduous, alternate (sometimes appearing in pseudowhorls),
entire or toothed
Flowers:
showy, entomophilous, perianth
5-lobed, calyx minute, corolla showy, anthers open by terminal pores
Fruit:
capsules, seeds scale-like
Rhohodendron
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Identify genus
Leaves:
alternate, opposite, whorled, entire usually coriaceous
Flowers: perianth
5-parted, calyx deeply lobed, corolla rotate, crateriform,
shallowly-lobed, stamens 10, the short anthers at first fitting into sacs in
corolla
Fruit:
ovoid-globose
capsule indented at top
Kalmia - laurel
-
Identify Genus
Leaves
with yellow-glandular, glistening dots
Fruit
with ca. 10 hard seeds
50
species, New World
Huckleberries- Gaylussacia
-
Identify genus
Leaves
with no yellow glands
Fruit
with many tiny seeds
400+
species
Blueberries, cranberries, deerberries- vaccinium
-
Identify family
Habit:
trees, shrubs with milky sap
Leaves:
alternate, simple, usually estipulate, entire, coriaceous, often with
cross-shaped hairs, evergreen or deciduous
Flowers:
small, perfect, in clusters, white, entomophilous, perianth
4-12-merous, connate, stamens 3-many, 2-many carpellate
Fruit:
berry with 1-several large seeds
Manilkara
zapota:
N.W.
tropics, edible fruits and chicle
latex; cultivated in tropics
Sapotaceae
-
Identify genus
Leaves: on
spur (sometimes spiny) branches, tardily deciduous, elliptic-ovate, base cuneate,
entire, dark green above, gray-rusty hairy below
Flowers:
bell-shaped, on long pedicles
Fruit:
elliptical, black berry with only one seed developed
B. lanuginosa
(gum
bumelia,
woolly buckthorn) FL, TX, MS, KS; medium tree, 50’, 12”dbh;
wood: very hard; cabinets, tool handles; Bumelia:
Greek name for ash
Bumelia
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Identify Family
Leaves:
alternate, simple, entire, estipulate, venation finely reticulate (visible on
underside)
Flowers:
perfect or imperfect (if imperfect usually dioecious),
small actinomorphic, perianth 3-7
parted, each connate, stamens 3-many, entomophilous
Fruit:
plump berry with large, flat seeds, edible, calyx attached
Wood:
hard and dark
Ebenaceae- Ebony family
-
Identify genus
Fruit: see
family; globose,
oblong to pyriform,
1-10 seeds, subtending calyx leathery to woody, strongly astringent at first
but sweeter after the leaves drop later in season.
Bark:
small, square blocks
Persimmmon- Diospyros
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Identify Family
Habit:
shrubs or small trees
Leaves:
alternate, simple, estipulate, usually stellate hairs
Flowers:
white, perfect, regular, perianth 4-8
distinct or connate, stamens 4-many, usually epipetalous, carpels 3-5 connate, entomophilous
Fruit:
capsule, dry-fleshy drupe (rarely samara)
Bark:
usually resinous
Styracaceae (Storax Family)
-
Identify genus
Habit:
shrub or small tree
Perianth
4-merous, calyx almost completely adherent to ovary
Fruit:
winged
6
sp. U.S., Asia; H. tetraptera – carolina silverbell
Silverbell- Halesia
-
Identify Genus
Habit:
shrubs
Perianth
5-merous, half of the calyx adherent to the ovary,
Fruit: dry,
not winged
Storax or snowbell = styrax
-
Identify Family
Habit:
Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs
Leaves:
deciduous or persistent, alternate (rarely opposite), simple, unifoliate or
compound; usually stipulate, stipules often leafy
Flowers:
perfect, actinomorphic, perianth
(4)5-merous, stamens many, hypanthium often present, entomophilous
Fruit:
pome, drupe, capsule, follicle, achene, rarely a capsule
Rosaceae
-
Subfamilies of Rosaceae
- Rosoideae:
- carpels 2-many, superior, fruit not a single drupe (Rubus,
- Rosa).
- Prunoideae:
- carpels 1, superior, fruit a drupe (Prunus)
- Pomoideae:
- carpels united into compound inferior ovary; fruit a pome (Amelanchier,Aronia,Crataegus,
-
Name genus
Habit:
Shrubs or vines usually thorny
Leaves:
usually pinnately
compound 3-11 leaflets
Fruit:
achene(s) enlosed in
the hypanthium (hip)
Rose-Rosa
-
Identify genus
usually
prickly
Leaves:
usually palmately
compound 3-5 leaflets
Fruit:
aggregate of drupes
Rubus- bramble, black/rasp berries
-
Identify Genus
Habit:
trees, shrubs
Leaves:
alternate, simple, often toothed, usually with two glands on petiole, glands
also on teeth sometimes
Flowers: in
terminal or axillary racemes, umbels, corymbs; before, after or w/leaves
Fruit:
thin dry, or thick fleshy one-seeded drupe
Twigs:
slender or stout, usually bitter to taste, red to brown, often lenticillate,
terminal buds present, scales imbricate; lateral buds nearly same size; leaf
scars semicircular, w/scattered bundle scars, pith homogeneous; spur growth
common
Bark:
lenticels present, can be birch-like
Prunus
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Identify genus
Habit:
Shrubs, sm. trees
Twigs:
often hairy
Leaves: are
elliptic to ovate, thickish
often pubescent below and on petiole
Fruit:
usually rounded and without grit cells
Malus= apple
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Identify Genus
Habit:
Shrubs, sm. trees
Twigs: not
as hairy, spur shoot often terminating in a spine
Leaves:
thinner, more lustrous, nearly glabrous
Fruit: pyriform,
grit cells
Pyrus-pear
-
Identify genus
Leaves:
simple alternate, glandular serrate, slender black glands along the midrib (top
of leaf)
Fruit:
small red-black pome
Chokeberry- aronia
-
Identify genus
Shrubs,
small trees
Leaves:
alternate, glabrous, odd-pinnately
compound (13-17 leaflets)
Fruit: in
clusters bright red pomes
Twigs:
almond odor when broken
Mountain ash- sorbus
-
Identify genus
Habit:
shrubs, small trees, unarmed
Leaves:
simple, unlobed,
dentate, often pale green
Flowers: in
racemes
Fruit:
soft, juicy pome, red-purple
Shadbush- amelanchier
-
Identify Genus
Habit:
shrubs, small trees, often thorny
Leaves:
simple, serrate or lobed, darker green
Flowers: in
clusters (cymes)
Fruit:
hard globose-pyriform pome
with 1-5 bony nutlets
Hawthorn- Crataegus
-
Identify family
§Habit: large trees to small annual
herbs, mostly herbaceous perennials
§Leaves: usually alternate and
compound; mostly pinnate, many bi-pinnate; stipulate; entire margins, occasionally serrate
§Flowers: five generally fused
sepals, five free petals; indeterminate infloresences; entomophilous; showy
§Fruit: typically a legume or ‘pod’; also samara, loments, follicles,
indehiscent legumes, achenes, drupes, berries
Fabaceae- the bean or pea family
-
Identify this subfamily
§Prosopis - native genus includes the
mesquites of the Southwest; spiny, leaves and pods edible for wildlife; wood
hard, durable, used for cooking/aromatic smoke
§Acacia – native to southern U.S.; large
genus, tropical, subtropical; extensive uses
§Albizia – A. julibrissin (mimosa) ornamental, naturalized
in mid-west and SE U.S.; native to Asia
Mimosoideae
-
What is the fastest growing tree?
Albizia trees
-
Identify Genus
150
sp. Mostly tropical, pantropical
Leaves: Bipinnate, 6
-15 in.; leaflet small, 3/8 – 5/8 in., margins entire, folding at night
Flowers: see
family characters
Fruit:
flat legume, 13-20 cm
Albizia
-
Identify genus
Leaves: Bipinnate, alternate; large up to 32 in.
long; leaflets 2-2.5 inches with acute apices
Flowers: appearing after the leaves,
imperfect (dioecious), white-purple in large panicles
Fruit: hard, thick legume pod up to
7 in. long, dark reddish brown, seeds embedded in inedible pulp
Twigs: stout, brown, with large leaf scrs and thick salmon-colored to brown
pith, 3-5 bundle scars; no term. bud; laterals partly concealed; minute,
fringed stipule scars
Bark: gray, deeply furrowed into narrow
scaly ridges
- Gymnoclaudus
- Kentucky coffee tree-dioecious
-
Identify genus
Leaves:
alt., once pinn.
compound, mostly spinose-stipulate
Flowers:
perfect, in racemes, appearing after the leaves
Fruit:
many-seeded, nearly sessile pod, seeds reniform, w/o
endosperm
- Robinia
- Black Locust -pseudoacacia
-
Identify genus
Leaves:
once compound, 20-30 cm, leaflets (5)7-9(11), alternate to subopposite on
the rachis, 2.5-8” long
Flowers:
appearing with leaves, white, fragrant, in long drooping panicles
Fruit:
thin, papery, indeh.
legume, pendent, 1-3”
Cladrastis
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