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Psychology Chapter 12
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Learning
a change in behavior due to experience
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
classical conditioning
dog drool experiment
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus that naturally triggers that response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
the unlearned, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)
the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a previously neutral stimulus that after repeated parings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to bring about a conditioned response
Extinction
the gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance of a response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Generalization
the tendency for conditioned response to be triggered by stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination
the tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus but not to the stimuli similar to it
Classical Conditioning in Everyday Behavior
Little Albert
Car Accidents
Food Poisoning
Taste Aversion (John Garcia and Robert Koelling)
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Operant Conditioning
Rat Box
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and weakend if followed by punishment
Reinforcement
the process by which a stimulus increases the probability of the behavior that it follows
Primary Reinforcer
naturally reinforcing because is satisfys some biological need i.e. food
Secondary Reinforcer
learned and becomes reinforcing by being associated with primary reinforcers i.e. money
Positive Reinforcer
strengthens a response
Negative Reinforcer
strengthens a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response
you remove something from the environment
i.e. you avoid cold by going inside
Reinforcer
a stimulus that increases the probability that the behavior it follows will be repeated
Punishment
the process by which a stimulus decreases the probability of the behavior it follows
Positive Punisher
weakens a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus after a response
reducing behavior
Negative Punisher
weakens a response by removing a positive stimulus after a response
i.e. grounding for bad behavior
Disadvantages of Punishment
prompt
: punishment must happen right away
relatively strong
: so its unpleasant qualities are felt by offending person
consistently applied
: person knows that punishment will likely follow future unwanted actions
time out
: ignore bad and reinforce good behavior
Positive Reinforcement
ex. telling more jokes after people laugh at your first joke
Positive Punishment
ex. telling no more jokes after people groan at your first joke
Negative Reinforcement
ex. learning to rub a sore muscle to relieve pain
Negative Punishment
ex. your parents taking away your cell phone after you get failing grades in school
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is followed by a reinforcer
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces behavior after a certain number of responses
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
a partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
Fixed-Interval Reinforcement Schedule
when reinforcement occurs for the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed
Variable-Interval Reinforcement Schedule
a schedule that reinforces the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
Shaping
the process of teaching a new behavior by reinforceing closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior
How to Shape Behavior
1. identify what the respondent can do now
2. identify the desired behavior
3. identify potential reinforcers in the respondent's environment
4. break the desired behavior into small substeps to be mastered squentially
5. move the respondent from the entry behavior to the desired behavior by successively reinforcing each approximation to the desired behavior
Edward Tolman
learning without reinforcement
latent learning
Latent Learning
learning that occurs without any reinforcement but is not demonstrated until reinforment is provided
Observational Learning
learning by observing and deciding what to imitate in the behavior of others
Social Learning Theory
when people learn soceal behaviors mainly through observation and cognitive processing of information rather than through direct experience
Observational Learning Of Aggressiong
family, culture, and media
violence in music videos and video gaming
reducing aggression through positive role models
Author
savvy
ID
183460
Card Set
Psychology Chapter 12
Description
psych ch 12
Updated
11/17/2012, 9:37:31 PM
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