Psychology Chapter 12

a change in behavior due to experience

• classical conditioning
• dog drool experiment

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus that naturally triggers that response

the unlearned, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response

the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that after repeated parings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to bring about a conditioned response

the gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response

the reappearance of a response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

the tendency for conditioned response to be triggered by stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus

the tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus but  not to the stimuli similar to it

• Little Albert
• Car Accidents
• Food Poisoning
• Taste Aversion  (John Garcia and Robert Koelling)

• Operant Conditioning
• Rat Box

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and weakend if followed by punishment

the process by which a stimulus increases the probability of the behavior that it follows

naturally reinforcing because is satisfys some biological need i.e. food

learned and becomes reinforcing by being associated with primary reinforcers i.e. money

strengthens a response

• strengthens a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response
• you remove something from the environment
• i.e. you avoid cold by going inside

a stimulus that increases the probability that the behavior it follows will be repeated

the process by which a stimulus decreases the probability of the behavior it follows

• weakens a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus after a response
• reducing behavior

• weakens a response by removing a positive stimulus after a response
• i.e. grounding for bad behavior

• prompt: punishment must happen right away
• relatively strong: so its unpleasant qualities are felt by offending person
• consistently applied: person knows that punishment will likely follow future unwanted actions
• time out: ignore bad and reinforce good behavior

ex. telling more jokes after people laugh at your first joke

ex. telling no more jokes after people groan at your first joke

ex. learning to rub a sore muscle to relieve pain

ex. your parents taking away your cell phone after you get failing grades in school

a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is followed by a reinforcer

a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces behavior after a certain number of responses

a partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a variable number of nonreinforced responses

when reinforcement occurs for the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed

a schedule that reinforces the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

the process of teaching a new behavior by reinforceing closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior

• 1. identify what the respondent can do now
• 2. identify the desired behavior
• 3. identify potential reinforcers in the respondent's      environment
• 4. break the desired behavior into small substeps to be mastered squentially
• 5. move the respondent from the entry behavior to the desired behavior by successively reinforcing each approximation to the desired behavior

• learning without reinforcement
• latent learning

learning that occurs without any reinforcement but is not demonstrated until reinforment is provided

learning by observing and deciding what to imitate in the behavior of others

when people learn soceal behaviors mainly through observation and cognitive processing of information rather than through direct experience

• family, culture, and media
• violence in music videos and video gaming
• reducing aggression through positive role models