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kris10leejmu
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Define karyorrhexis.
- sign of degenerating segs
- rupture of cell nucleus
- chromatin disintegrates into variably sized granules
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Define pyknosis.
- sign of degenerating segs
- nucleus is small, condensed and very dark
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Define karyolysis.
- sign of degenerating segs
- swelling of the nuclear membrane
- cell gradually loses chromatin
- ragged nucleus with reduced staining
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Describe chronic inflammation.
> 50% of the inflammatory cells are monocytes and macrophages
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When do we often see chronic inflammation?
with systemic fungi and foreign bodies
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Describe chronic active inflammation.
- > 50% - 70% of the inflammatory cells are neutrophils
- the remainder are monocytes and macrophages
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What is another term for chronic active inflammation?
mixed inflammation
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Describe acute inflammation.
> 70% of the inflammatory cells are segs
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What are the different types of inflammatory cells we could see in a cytology?
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- macrophages
- giant cells
- occasionally mast cells - especially allergic inflammation
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What do we need to note about nuclear morphology?
- normal
- karyorrhexis
- karyolysis
- pyknotic
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Describe eosinophilic inflammation.
> 10% eosinophils is considered eosinophilic inflammation
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What does eosinophilic inflammation often indicate?
allergies, parasites, or eosinophilic diseases
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What are the characteristics of a degenergating seg? Degenerating segs are often seen in the presence of what?
- pyknosis
- karyorrhexis
- karyolysis
- cytoplasmic basophilia
- vaculoes
- seen in the presence of bacterial toxins
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Actinomyces
- filamentous bacterial rods
- these resemble fungal hyphae but lack obvious cell walls and are more delicate in appearance than hyphae
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What type of inflammatory reaction is this?
acute inflammation
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What type of inflammatory reaction is this?
acute inflammation
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What type of inflammation is this?
chronic active inflammation
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What type of inflammation is this?
chronic active inflammation
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What type of inflammation is this?
chronic inflammation with bacteria
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What type of inflammation is this?
chronic inflammation
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What type of inflammation is this?
eosinophilic inflammation
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What type of inflammation is this?
eosinophilic inflammation
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Tissue can be classified into what 4 primary types?
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
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The cells of blood forming tissues are sometimes refferred to as _____.
hemic tissues
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Where are hemic tissues formed?
in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
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What do normal epithelial cells look like?
- tend to cling together in clumps, clustes or rafts of cells
- round, uniform in size with delicate chromatin with a small single nucleolus
- abundance of cytoplasm
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What do normal connective cells look like?
- individual cells and clusters are found
- varying amounts of cytoplasm
- cell membrane may be indistince and the cytoplasm is typically clear, expect osteoblasts
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