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psych #1 -3rd
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(hypothesis testing and validity-1) a research idea can generate dozens of hypothesis depending on how...
-it is translated into a statement of the problem
-the variables are operationally defined
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) in an experiment we are testing 3 hypothesis
- null hypothesis
-confounding variable hypothesis
-causal hypothesis
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) accept causal hypothesis only if you...(2)
-reject null hypothesis
-rule out each potential confounding variable hypothesis
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) 4 types of validity
-statistical
-contruct
-external
-internal
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) how are Statistical validity strengthen by? (2)
-using well validated measures
-having an appropriate sample size
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) How are statistical validity threatened by? (2)
-unreliable measures
-violations of statistical assumptions
ex)null hypothesis
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) Contruct validity
the extent to which operationalization of the variables truly captures the contructs
Q: Do our operationalizations of the independent and dependent variables capture the contruct of interest?
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) what threatens contruct valditiy?
-any alternative explanation for the results
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) what strengthens contruct validity?
-using well-validated contructs to build the theoretical predictions for the study
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) question for External validity
Q: Do the results apply to other people and other situations?
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) external validity threatened by?
-unrepresentative samples
*doesnt represent larger population
-unrealistic tasks and procedures
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) external validity strengthen by
-gathering a representative sample
*if possible
*mundane realism
*psychological realism
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) (external validity) Mundane realism
extent to which experiment is similar to real-life sitiation
*ex) person bumps into another person and cusses him out. someone is recording how he reacts
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) (external validity) Psychological realism
extent to which psych processes triggered during an experiment are similar to those that occur everyday life
*things that people faec in the real world
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) internal validity question
Q: is the indepedent variable responsible fro the observed changes in the dependent variable?
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) Internal validity threatened by
confounding variables
: any variable that causes change in the dependent variable
*variables that we may not be aware of that may cause change
(hypothesis testing and validity-1) Internal validity strengthen by..
adding adequate controls to reduce or eliminate confounding
ex)great experimental design
(threats to validity) maturation
-changes due to growth or predictable changes
-results can be attributed to time rather than the independent variable
ex) people get over anxiety or depression by adjusting to it
(threats to validity) (maturation) 4 aspects in which changes happen
-againg
-health
-boredom
-fatigue
(threats to validity) Instrumentation
-any change in the calibration of the measuring instrument over the course of the study
ex) get better at making measurements over time
(threats to validity) Selection
-any factor that creates groups that are not equal at the start of the study
ex) time of day
*studyign one group in night and another in morining
(threats to validity) Statistical regression
-tendency for participants selected because of extreme scores to be less extreme on a reset
-extreme scores tend to shift to the average on future measurement occasions
ex) CHOOSING students with very high scores, most likley they will fall towards average
(threats to validity) Attrition
-loss of participants during a study
*participants who drop out different from those who contine?
ex) smoking cessation
*maybe program wanst working for them
(threats to validity) diffusion of treatments
-changes in participants behavior due to information they obtained about other conditions
*contaminates other conditions
ex) person is informed by friend what the experiment is about
(threats to validity) testing effects
repeated measurement of the same individual may impact persons subsequent scores
ex) memory
-they can just adjust to whatever test tehy are given
(threats to validity) history
-events that take place during the course of a research study that influence the outcome of the study
ex) 911 event might have impacted experiments
(subject and experimenter effects) (subject effects)Participants are not passive concept
-they try to understand the study to help them guide their behavior
*respond to subtle cues about what us expected
(subject and experimenter effects)(subject effects)(participants are not passive) reactivity
changes in the behavior of research participants as a result of their knowledge that they are part of a research project
(subject and experimenter effects)(subject effects)(participants are not passive)(reactitivity) example of reactivity-hawthorne effect
-when performance in an experiment is affected by knowledge by participants that they are in an experiment
*in his experiment, workers produced more productivity when told they were being monitored
(subject and experimenter effects) (subject effects)demand charateristics
cues available to the participants that enable them to detect purpose of research, or what is expected of them by researcher
*setting
*instruction
*expression on experimenters face
(subject and experimenter effects)(subject effects)(demand characteristics) 4 different types of subject roles
-good subjects
-negativistic subjects
-apprehensive subjects
-faithful subjects
(subject and experimenter effects)(subject effects)(demand characterisitics)(subject roles) Good subjects
-do what they think researcher wants
(subject and experimenter effects)(subject effects)(demand characteristics)(subject roles) Negativistic subjects
do the opposite of what they think the researcher wants
(subject and experimenter effects)(subject effects)(demand characterisitcs)(subject roles) Apprehensive subjects
-behaves in what they think is a socially desirable manner
(subject and experimenter effects)(subject effects)(subject effects)(demand characteristics)(subject roles) Faithful subjects
honest behavior
*this is what we wnat them to do
**we need to create an environment to promote faithful behavior
(subject and experimenter effects)(subject effects) placebo effects
-people show physiological changes from suggestion that such changes could take place
ex)tension headaches cured by placebos
(subject and experimenter effects)(experiment effects) Scientists tipping their "hat off" (3)
-based on the expectations of the researcher
*ideally zero
-affects the outcome of studies if not controlled
-may be due to experimenter providing demand characteristics to participant
(subject and experimenter effects)( experiment effects) biased data collections
inter-rater reliability
*measure that captures degree to which observers agree
**not all observers will agree with one score or assumption
-errors in data usually favor hypothesis
(subject and experimenter effects)(experiment effects) biased interactions with participants
-self-fulfilling prophecy
*make smart rats experiemtn
Author
efrain12
ID
183561
Card Set
psych #1 -3rd
Description
hypothesis testing and validity; threats to validity;subject and experimenter effects
Updated
11/17/2012, 2:34:03 AM
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