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Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- Works b blocking activity of enzyme revers transcriptase
- Promotes synthesis of new DNA molecules from RNA
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Protease inhibitors
Work by inhibiting protease retroviral enzyme
enzyme promotes brak up of chain of protein moleucles at designated points
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Antiretroviral Drugs
Work against retroviruses such as HIV
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Antiretroviral Drug Names
- Enfuvirtide
- indinavir
- Maraviroc
- Nevirapine
- Raltegravir
- tenofovir
- zidovudine
-
Tenofovir
(Viread)
antiretroviral
- NRTI's
- Adverse: lactic acidosis sever hepatomegaly
- Used for HIV
Oral use only
-
Zidovudine
(Retrovir)
Antiretroviral
- Azidothymidine (AZT)
- first anit HIV medication
- advers: bone marrow suppression
-
Raltegravir
(Isentress)
Antiretroviral
- Only drug in integrase inhibitors
- Inhibits activities integrase enzyme
- prevents integration of proviral gene into human DNA
- used in pt with multidrug resistence replication
- myopathy and phabdomyolysis immune reconstitutuion syndrome inflammatory response
-
Nevirapine
(viramune)
antiretroviral
- NNRTI second class of antivirals indicated for treatment of HIV
- used wuth NRTI's
- well tolerated
- Adverse: rash, feve, nausea, headache, abnormal liver function test
Oral use
-
Indinavir
(crixivan)
Antiretroviral
- Protease inhibitor class taken in combo with other HIV meds
- produces increases in CD4 cel counts and reductions in viral load
- well tolerated
- nephrolithiass (kidney stones)
oral use
-
Enfuvirtide
(fuzeon)
antiretroviral
- newest class of antiretrovirals
- fusion inhibitors
- supress fusion process where by a virion is attached to ourter membrabe of host T cell before entry into the Tcell and then replication of virus
- tx of HIV along with other antiretrovirals
- only by injection
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Antiviral Drugs
drugs that destroy viruses either directly or indirectly by suppressing replication
-
Acyclovir
(zovirax)
antivirals
- used to suppress replication of HSV-1 HSV-2 VSV
- drug of choice for tx of both initial and recurrent viral infections
- oral topical injection
- adverse: nausea vomiting diarrhea headache burning when applied
-
Amantadine
(symmetrel)
Rimantadine
antiviral
- amantadine- earliest antiviral
- only active against influenza A
- used phrophalactically and therapeutically
- Rimantadine- has longer half life causes fever cns orthostatic HTN insomnia drowsiness lightheadedness
- anticholinergic
-
Ganciclovir
(Cytovene)
antiviral
- Indicated for tx of CMV
- used for herpes simplex shingles and chickenpox cytomegalovirus
increase fluids
-
oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
zanamir (relenza)
antiviral
newest antivirals neuraminidase inhibitors
- active against influenza A and b
- shown to reduce duration of flu in adults by days
- adverse: nausea diarrhea sinusitis
- should start within two days of symptoms starting
-
Ribavirin
(virazole)
antiviral
- interferes with RNA and DNA synthesis and inhibits protein synthesis and viral repllication
- inhalation form for treatment of severe lower respiratory infections caused by RSV
- oral form for hep C
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Helminthic Infections
Worm infections
-
-
mebendazole
( vermox)
anthelmintic
- treatment for roundworm and a few tapeworms
- oral
-
Praziquantel
(Biltricide)
anthelmintic
- primary anthelmintic
- Tx: various fluke worms
- tapeworms
- ocular worm infestation
- Cns and GI effects
- dislodges worm using calcium
-
Pyrantel
(antiminth reeses pinworm)
anthelmintic
- tx: for infection of roundworms ascariasis and enterobiases
- no prescription needed
- oral use
Adverse: CNS GI rash
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Protosoal infections
- Amebiasis
- Giardiasis
- Pneumocystosis jirovecii- exclusively in immunosupressed patients
- Toxoplasmosis
- Trichomoniasis STD
-
Pentamidine
( Nebu Pent, Pentam 300)
antiprotozoal
- mainly used for p. jirovecii pneumonia
- tx: of other protozoal
- inhibits protein nucleic acid sym
- pneumocyctosis
prophalactically
Gi Renal failure, CNS resp
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Metronidazole
(flagyl)
Antiprotozoal
- antibacterial activity
- anthelminitic
- Tx: trichomoniasis
- amebiasis
- giardiasis
- anerobic bacterial infection
interfers with DNA
-
Atovaquone
(mepron)
antiprotozoal
Tx: p. jirovecii pneumonia
- oral use
- adverse: CV hematologic integumentary GI
inhibits mitochondrial electron transprot and syn reduction
-
Pyrimethamine
(daraprim)
antimalaria
structually related to trimethoprim
adverse: GI fever increased bleeding
-
Mefloquine
(lariam)
antimalarial
- mild to moderate malaria tx
- uesd prophalactically
adverse: GI cns
interactions with beta blockers
-
Primaquine
antimalarial
one of few that can destroy malarial parasites while in exoerythrocytic phase (tissue phase)
Adverse: GI headache nausea
-
Chloroquine (aralen)
Hydroxychloroquine
antimalarial
classified 4-aminoquinolone
antiinflammatory rxn used for RA and lupus
preg c category
GI CNS rash adverse rxn
-
Myotic Infections
antifungal
aspegillosis- inhalation of soil affects the lungs
candidiasis- affects blood and lungs
Histoplasmosis- inhalation lungs
-
Terbinafine
(lamisil)
antifungal
only drug in class topioal
superficial dermatological infections
athletes foot ringworm
-
Nystatin
(Mycostatin)
antifungal
candidal rash (diaper rash)
prophalactic for immunosuppresent persons.
Oral or vaginal candidiasis
-
Fluconazole
(diflucan)
antifungal
many fungi tx
Vaginal yeast infections 150mg one dose
-
Amphotericin B
antifungal
tx: severe systemic mycosis
pretreatment with anitpyretics antihistamines antiemetics
contraindication: bone marrow transplant
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Streptomycin
antitubercular
antimycobacterial
- tx of tb and mycobacterial diseases
- Inhibits protein syn
- ototoicity nephrotixicity blood dycaria
-
Rifapentine
(priftin)
antitubercular
- longer duration
- clinical uses for tb
inhibits protein syn
red orange discoloration
-
Rifampin
(rifadin)
antitubercular
- used with other tb drugs
- prophalactically
- used in endocarditis
oral or inj
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Ethambutol
(Myambutol)
antitubercular
- bacteriostatic treatment of tb
- supresses RNa inhibits protein syn
tb combo drug therapy
- contraindicated: optic neuritis (vision loss) not in children less than 13
- oral form
-
rifabutin
antitubercular
- first line tb
- commonly used to treat m. avium intracellular complex
- turns body fluids orange color
- HIV used
- adverse: GI
oral
-
Pyrazinamide
antitubercular
bacteriostactic and bacteriocidal
- used in combo
- contraindicated: hepatic disease gout preg
-
Isoniazid (INH)
antitubercular
most widely used tb drug
prophalactic or active tb
antacids reduces absorption
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