Chapter 4 Biology Test

high energy molecule that contains within its bonds, energy that cells can use

low energy molecule that can be converted to ATP

process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light

process by which light  energy is converted to chemical energy; produces sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water

light absorbing pigment molecule in photosynthetic organisms 

membrane bound structure within chloroplats that contains chlorophyll and light absorbing pigments used in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light independent reactions

part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates

series of light absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid membrane

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds high energy phosphate group to ATP to perform ATP

process by which photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2

process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon based molecules when oxygen is present

process that requires oxygen to occur

anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP are produced

process that doesn't require oxygen to occur

process during cellular respiration that breaks down a carbon molecule to produce molecules that are used in the electron transport chain

anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by glycolysis

product of fermentation in many types of cells including human muscle cells

They use a chemical energy called ATP

high energy molecule that contains energy that cells need

ADP is a low energy molecule that can be converted to ATP which is a high energy molecule

They produce a source of energy for themselves and other organisms

Transforms sunlight to chemical energy

Light absorbing pigments in photosynthetic organisms

Membrane bound organelles where photosynthesis takes place

The two parts are the grana and the stroma

Membrane enclosed compartments in the grana

• 6CO2+6H2O →→→→→ C6H12O6+6CO2
• This describes how carbon dioxide are combined with the addition of light and enzymes (arrows) to form sugar adn oxygen

Light dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight. Light independent use energy from the light dependent reaction

Releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP

it is called an aerobic process because it requires oxygen to take place

Mitochondria

It splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP 

Photosynthesis absorbs energy and cellular respiration releases it, Also the chemical equation is the reverse

The matrix and the inner mitochondrial membrane

C6H12O6+6CO2 →→→→→ 6CO2+6H2O

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue

It removes electrons from NADH molecules and recycles NAD+ molecules for glycolysis

When your muscles contract

Because it doesn't require oxygen to take place

It allows glycolysis to produce ATP and removes waste

They both don't require oxygen, start the same, and the recycling of the ATP

C3H6O3 and it causes your muscles to burn during hard exercise

• 1. energy absorbed from sunlight
• 2. water molecules split
• 3. hydrogen ions transported
• 4. energy absorbed from sunlight
• 5. NADPH produced
• 6. Hydrogen ion diffusion
• 7. ATP produced

• 1. carbon dioxide molecules enter the calvin cycle
• 2. energy added to molecules, molecules rearranged into high energy molecules
• 3. a high energy 3 carbon molecule leaves the cycle, two are bonded to make a 6-carbon sugar
• 4. 3 carbon molecules changed back to 5 carbon molecules by energy from ATP

• 1. pyruvate broken down
• 2. Coenzyme A binds, intermediate enters cycle
• 3. citric acid formed
• 4. citric acid broken down
• 5. 5 carbon molecule broken down
• 6. 4 carbon molecule rearranged

• 1. electrons removed
• 2. hydrogen atoms transported
• 3. ATP produced

Finally enters process, picks up electrons and hydrogen ions to form water

GlycolysisKrebs CycleElectron Transport Chain

carbon compounds

ATP

All cells need chemical energy. ATP is the primary source of energy in all cells. ATP transfers energy for cell processes such as building new molecules and transporting materials.

The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy. Photosynthesis uses energy captured from sunlight to change carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars. Sunlight is absorbed during the light dependent reactions, and sugars are made during the light independent reactions

Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions. Energy from sunlight is absorbed in the thylakoid membrane by photosystems II and I in the light dependent reactions. The energy is transferred to the Calvin cycle, which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide.

The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. Glycolysis splits glucose and when oxygen is present the products of glycolysis are used in cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle transfers energy to the electron transport chain, which produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.

Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages. The Krebs cycle breaks down carbon based molecules and transfers energy to electron carriers. The electron carriers provide energy to the electron transport chain. ATP is produced by the electron transport chain when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase.

Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP when oxygen is unavailable. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in many cells, including human muscle cells.