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Quick breads (as opposed to yeast breads)
General class of baked products that don’t use microorganisms to produce the carbon dioxide for leavening (rapid leavening without fermentation).
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Quick Bread Examples
Examples: popovers, cream puffs, muffins, biscuits, waffles, pancakes (griddle cakes), cakes, cake donuts
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Quick Breads
Ingredients and their functions
Flour
Structure, via gelatinized starch and gluten
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Quick Breads
Ingredients and their functions
Liquid
•Hydration of starch and protein; dissolving of sugar, salt, leavening agents; steam for leavening
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Quick Breads
Ingredients and their functions
Salt
•Taste, influences flour hydration
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Quick Breads
Ingredients and their functions
•Leavening agent
texture
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Quick Breads
Ingredients and their functions
Fat
•Tenderness, inhibits gluten development and shortens the texture, air incorporation for leavening
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Quick Breads
Ingredients and their functions
Sugar
•Tenderness, sweetness, interferes with gluten formation
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Quick Breads
Ingredients and their functions
Eggs
Air incorporation, emulsification, structure
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Reasonable balance needed
- Structural ingredients (flour, egg)
- vs,
- Tenderizing ingredients (fat, sugar)
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Ingredient adjustments sometimes made for higher altitudes (3000 ft +). Why? What changes would you suggest?
Reduction of leavening agent
Due to lower atmosphereic preassure
Increased water due to lower boiling point and greater evaporation
More flour to increase structure to hold leaning gases
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Over Mixing
Over-mixing leads to gluten development and tough texture – especially in viscous batters
More flour to increase structure to hold leaning gases
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•3 main purposes to mixing
- •To distribute leavening agents uniformly throughout the batter
- •e.g., sifting leavening with flour
- •To distribute fat uniformly throughout the flour
- •e.g., cutting fat into flour, creaming sugar and fat, or adding melted fat/oil with liquid ingredients
- •To distribute liquid uniformly
- •e.g., stirring liquid and dry ingredients to form the dough or batter
- •Dissolves the salt, sugar, acid and soda
- •Should minimize loss of leavening gas
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Baking batters and doughs
•Oven temperature and placement
•Bake in hot oven (375 -450 °F is common)
•Adjust rack to place product in center of oven
•Temperature in product interior only gets to boiling point of water
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Baking batters and doughs
•Changes in batters and doughs during baking
•Fat melts and mix becomes fluid
•Insoluble ingredients solubilize with heat
•Baking powder continues to form carbon dioxide
•Heat expands air and carbon dioxide, increasing size
•Proteins in flour and egg denature
- •Starch gelatinizes
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- •Part of water is converted to steam
•Evaporation of water from surface slows and surface gets hot enough to brown hotter than 212.
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•Beat
•To combine with a regular over-and-over or circular motion, to make smooth (e.g., popover) or to incorporate air (e.g., egg white)
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•Blend
•To combine thoroughly (e.g., melted chocolate in a batter)
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•Cream
•To work sugar crystals into fat to incorporate air (e.g., shortened cakes)
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•Cut
•To progressively subdivide fat into flour (e.g., pastry)
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•Fold
- •To gently incorporate one ingredient (e.g., egg white meringue) into another (e.g. waffle batter) using a knife, spatula or flexible
- scraper. Text gives details
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•Knead
•To stretch, fold, and press dough gently to form and arrange strands of gluten (biscuit, yeast bread dough)
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Mix
•To distribute ingredients using any technique suitable to the ingredients
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Stir
•To combine with a circular motion, usually using a spoon
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Whip
•To beat rapidly for the purpose of incorporating air
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Muffins: Method of mixing
Add liquids to presifted dry ingredients. Mix just enough to barely dampen the dry ingredients. It will still be lumpy.
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Muffins: Method of mixing
•Dry Ingredients:
•Sift baking powder with flour or stir in thoroughly
•Essential for uniform gas cells in crumb structure
•If using plastic fat, cut into sifted dry ingredients
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Muffins: Method of mixing
•Liguid Ingredients:
•Blend eggs and milk (but not to a foam)
•Protein is for binding and structure, not to incorporate air
•If egg is not well blended, the crumb around some gas cells will be thick and tough
•If using liquid fat, add to dry ingredients at the same time as milk and eggs are added
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Describe the qualities of properly made muffins
Thin uniform golden brown crust symetrical top similar to caulifloour holes in crumb are round and medium sized light anad tender texture
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Should a fast acting or double acting baking powder be used for muffins? Why?
Ideal in a muffin is fast. You want it to rise quickly not in the oven where it would break the crust
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Biscuits
1.Sift baking powder with flour.
2.Cut plastic fat into dry ingredients (to corn meal texture).
3.Add milk all at once.
4.Stir until mixture stiffens.
5.Place dough on lightly floured surface and knead 10-20 times.
Dough tolerates and requires manipulation to develop gluten.
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•Shortened Cake
•A cake containing fat, which shortens gluten development
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•Chiffon Cake
•A cake containing fat (in the form of oil), cream of tartar, and more eggs than shortened cake.
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•Meringue cakes:
Angel food cake, Sponge cake
- •Cakes containing egg white that is whipped into a meringue.
- Sponge cake also contains beaten egg yolk.
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Beta/Beta Prime
Big crystals in beta, smaller in beta prime.
♦Beta-prime crystals are best for creaming
•Small and fine crystals incorporate small and fine air bubbles
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Effect of emulsifier on dispersion of gas cells in cake batter
Makes a major difference in viscosity of batter and texture of final product.
- With emulsifier:
- Fat and air more evenly dispersed
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Shortened Cakes Structure
O/W emulsion (fat globules dispersed throughout aqueous phase)
Foam (air-in-fat dispersion)
Aqueous phase (has ingredients in true solution, colloidal dispersion, and suspension)
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Shortened cakes Changes during baking
1 Fat melts.
2 CO2 collects in air cells.
3 As batter heats convection currents and expanding gases set constituents in motion. (see next slide)
4 Heat enlarges gas cells.
5 Internal pressure inside cake causes violent movement in batter (especially middle third of baking cycle).
6 Gas cells, lubricated by mobile lakes of fat, are pushed about.
7 Gas cells expand and rupture; resistance provided by protein coagulation and starch gelatinization.
8 Evaporation of water from surface.
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Shortened cakes: Conventional Method
1. Cream sugar with plastic fat
2. Eggs added and blended with creamed fat and sugar
3. Portion (1/2) of both liquid and dry ingredients added and stirred into creamed mass
4. Repeat for second portion
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Shortened cakes: Muffin method
1 Blend eggs and milk, and add with melted fat
2 Sift dry ingredients together
3 Stir liquid ingredients into dry ingredients
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Shortened cakes:
Muffin method Results
Compared to conventional method, results in smaller volume, coarser crumb (texture), and quicker staling, since ingredients are not as well dispersed.
Advantage is less time and work needed, and is acceptable when eaten warm.
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Pastry
A steam-leavened baked good (often in the form of a filled crust) made from dough with a high ratio of fat to flour, prepared in a manner to enhance flakiness and tenderness
Examples: Pie crust, puff pastry
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Pastry
Ingredients and their function
Flour
\
•Physical structure for flakiness
•Gluten development
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Pastry Ingredients and their function
Flour Fat Water
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Pastry
Ingredients and their function
Fat
•Tenderness
•Shortens gluten development by water-proofing flour
•Breaks up texture to create flakiness
•When properly dispersed, separates layers of flour
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Pastry
Ingredients and their function
Water
•Steam for leavening, which helps produce flakiness
•Gluten development
•Hydrates flour particles
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Pastry
•Lard
•Tender and flaky
•Superior in flavor
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Pastry
Shortening
•Tender and flaky
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Pastry
Oil
•Tender but not flaky
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Pastry tenderness
Soft texture that is characteristic of good pastry
Due to high fat concentration; affected by extent of gluten development and its distribution
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Pastry flakiness
Horizontal layering effect; depends on incomplete blending of fat and flour; contributing factors are cutting of cold, solid fat, use of cold water and chilling of dough.
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Pastry flakiness
formation
As water droplets heat up and turn to steam, the water vapor pushes upward and outward, encountering the fat barriers
The pressure from the steam pushes against the fat layer and lifts the dough
The steam moves horizontally along the fat barrier until it can move upward again – which shortens the texture and also enhances flakiness
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Laminated pastries
•Puff pastry, croissants
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Causes of Pastry Defects
too tender
•Oil instead of plastic fat
•Warm fat
•Pastry flour
•Cutting fat excessively
•Under manipulation
•Too little water
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Causes of pastry defects
too tough
•Too little fat
•Excess flour on board
•Cutting fat insufficiently
•Too much manipulation
•Too much water
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Whipped cream foams
•Stabilized by rigid, fragile structure formed by clumping of fat globules on surface of air cells
•Whipping incorporates air into liquid
•Contains fat droplets with their emulsifiers
•Film of water thins and fat globules orient in this film as air is incorporated
•Fat globule membrane is disrupted by whipping
•Globules stick together imparting stiffness to the foam
•Requires cool temperature; otherwise fat globules coalesce instead of clump
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Egg white foams
- Protein denatures, with hydrophobic groups orienting toward the air. This lowers the surface tension of the water,
- facilitating foam formation
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Egg white foams
•Underbeaten
•Foamy, transparent
•Protein not denatured enough
•Liquid drains around large air cells and they coalesce
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Egg white foams
•Properly Beaten
•Liquid around cells is thin and egg white thickens
•Surface protein denaturation (unfolding) causes stiffness
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Egg white foams
•Overbeaten
•Dry, curdled appearance
- •Surface denatured protein becomes insoluble and no longer
- elastic
•Liquid drains from foam and air cells coalesce
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Sponge Cake
1 Yolks beaten until thick (portion of sugar may be beaten in).
2Egg white beaten with part of sugar and made into meringue.
3 Flour sifted with remainder of sugar and folded into egg yolk (excessive folding should be avoided).
- 4Yolk/flour mixture and egg whites
- are combined by folding (fold no longer than necessary).
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Angel Food Cake
Ingredients nand their function
Cake flour
•Structure; toughening effect
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Angel Food CakeIngredients nand their function
Sugar
•Tenderizes
•Elevates coagulation temperature of proteins
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Angel Food CakeIngredients nand their function
•Lemon juice (or cream of tartar or other
acid)
•Fine, tender, white crumb (whitens the anthoxanthin igments in flour)
•Stabilizes foam; prevents collapse
•Increases cake volume (less shrink during baking)
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Yeast
breads
Made from dough leavened with carbon dioxide formed by microorganisms
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Wet yeast (caked or compressed yeast)
Shorter shelf-life
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Dry yeast
•Regular
•Instant/rapid rise (smaller size; more active strain)
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•Essential Yeast Bread Ingridients
• Flour: Gluten network; starch; a and b amylases
• Liquid (water or milk): Dissolution of salt and sugar; hydration of flour; dispersion and growth of yeast; participates in enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
• Yeast: Leaven, flavor
- •Salt : Taste; stabilizes or controls yeast fermentation; favors
- amylase activity; inhibits protease activity
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•Usually included
Yeast Bread Ingridients
• Sugar: Substrate for fermentation; flavor
- •Fat: Tenderizes; increases loaf volume, keeping quality, slicing
- properties
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•Sometimes includedYeast Bread Ingridients
•Eggs: Provide rich appearance; stretch-ability of dough
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Proportions of Ingredients in Bread
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♦Milk
•Why
is it typically scalded?
Denaturesserum proteins and other loaf depressenet factors
Otherwisedough is sticky and has a poor volume
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♦Benzoyl peroxide
bleaching
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Manipulation of yeast dough
Straight dough method
♦Ingredients combined and dough kneaded before allowed to rise; method is long, but gives good texture.
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Manipulation of yeast dough
Sponge method
♦Yeast, liquid, and part of flour are combined; allowed to rise until spongy and light
♦Remainder of flour (with salt and fat) is added to sponge; dough kneaded and allowed to rise
♦More handling, but more tolerant to time and temperature variations than straight dough method
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Manipulation of yeast dough
Sponge method
♦Yeast, liquid, and part of flour are combined; allowed to rise until spongy and light
♦Remainder of flour (with salt and fat) is added to sponge; dough kneaded and allowed to rise
♦More handling, but more tolerant to time and temperature variations than straight dough method
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Manipulation of yeast dough
No-knead
♦High proportion of liquid, so gluten is developed by stirring rather than kneading; thus, it is fast
♦Results in open grain and uneven surface
♦Best for soft and rich doughs
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Gluten Development
Incorporation of water into flour
♦Flour particles and protein bind water molecules; time is required for complete hydration
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Gluten development
Mechanical manipulation –kneading/stirring
♦Hydrated flour particles are manipulated, and gentle folding and stretching allows molecules to interact, developing elasticity
♦Stretching and folding is a shearing process which brings order to the random distribution of gluten components
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Yeast Bread
Straight Dough Method
1.Hydrate/activate yeast
2.Mix dry ingredients
3.Mix wet ingredients
4.Combine ingredients
5.Knead
6.Allow to rise
7.Punch and shape
8.Proof (2nd rise)
9.Bake
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Punching
Keeps gluten films around gas cells from being overstretched.
Subdivides gas cells to create more smaller cells and finer crumb.
Redistributes nutrients so yeast can access them.
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Proofing
Allowing dough to rise again after shaping and placing in baking pan. Done in warm, humid proofing box.
27-30 ºC (80 ºF) is optimum temperature
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First stage
Baking
♦25% of baking period.
♦400-425°F oven temperature; 55-60oC internal temperature causes dough to be more fluid initially.
- ♦Amylases active – conversion of starch to dextrins
- reduces water binding capacity of flour.
♦CO2 production is rapid and, with heat, gas cells expand. 80% of expansion occurs during this stage.
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Second stage
Baking
♦50% of baking period.
♦Maximum internal temperature of 100°C is reached.
♦CO2 production stops (yeast dies).
♦Amylase inactivated.
♦Gluten structure sets.
♦Starch partially gelatinizes.
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Baking
Final stage
♦Internal structure firms.
- ♦Crust develops via surface drying and nonenzymatic
- (maillard/caramelization) browning.
- ♦Lowering oven to 350 °F after first 10-15 minutes
- prevents too much browning of crust.
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Staling of bread
Once bread cools, staling beginsand continues over several days
♦Crust becomes tough and leathery
♦Crumb becomes rigid, harsh and crumbly
♦Off flavor, probably due to lipid oxidation
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Staling of bread
Attributed to
♦Retrogradation of amylopectin in the pasted granules
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Staling of bread
Prevented by
♦Adding monoglycerides to dough, which interact with starch
♦Freezing
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Staling of bread
Refreshed by
♦Heating to 60 C
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