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RadTherapy
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List the parts of the urinary system, and give the function of each:
- Pair of kidneys (maintains homeostasis of the blood)
- Pair of ureters (to transport urine away from the kidneys)
- Urinary bladder (sack-like, to store urine)
- Urethra (tubular, to convey urine to the outside of the body)
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State the primary organs of the urinary system and list 3 functions:
- Kidneys
- Excretion of metabolic wastes such as water, urea & uric acid
- Disposal of excess water and salts
- Regulation of pH of blood and body fluids
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Where does the kidneys lie anatomically?
- They lie of either side of the vertebral body at about level of T12-L3.
- Left kidney is slightly higher than the Right
- Positioned retreperitoneally (behind the parietal peritoneum & against deep muscles of the back)
- Held in place by connective tissue (renal fascil) and adipose tissue
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Where does the filtration of the blood for the production of urine occurs?
Renal Corpuscle
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Where does reabsorption of useful substance in the filtrate occurrs?
- Renal tubules
- Collecting ducts
- secretion of unneeded substances
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How is urine volume regulated?
- by regulating the amount of water that is excreted in the urine
- Secretion of water by the kidneys is regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
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What is the flow of urine from the glomerulus to the outside of the body?
- Glomerulus
- Bowman's Capsule
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
- Minor calycx
- Major calycx
- Renal Pelvis
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
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Describe the inner most layer of ther bladder:
mucous coat (includes serveral thicknesses of epithelial cells called transitional epithelium)
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Describe the anatomic location of the bladder:
- located in the pelvic cavity, behind the pubic symphysis
- In males (lies against the rectum posteriorly)
- In females (contacts the anterior walls of the uterus and vagina)
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State the frequency of adult kidney tumors and state which age they most often occur?
male to female ratio - 2:1
55-60 years old
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What are the possible etiologic agents for kidney tumors?
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Where does most kidney tumors arise?
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What is the most common type of kidney tumor?
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What is the percentage of tumors arising in the renal pelvis? name the most common type of tumor found here.
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What is "classic triad" of kidney cancer and what stage are they associated?
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List the most common presenting symptom of kidney cancers:
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Name diagnostic procedures used to detect kidney cancers?
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What are the patterns of spread for kidney tumors?
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What is the treatment choice of renal cell cancers?
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What is the role of XRT in the treatment of kidney cancers?
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What is the max dose that can be given to both kidneys without causing acute radiation nephritis?
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Name the incidence & etiology of bladder cancer:
- Dye, rubber, textile, leather, pain working
- Chronic bladder infections
- Smoking
- Previous pelvic irratiadation
- Pesticide exposure
- Contaminated water supply
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What is the most common histologic type of bladder cancer?
Transitional cell (92%) which is epithelial
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What is the single most important factor in staging bladder cancer and determing treatment and prognosis?
Staging is based on depth of invasion through the bladder wall
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State the most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer?
Hematuria
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Define cystectomy and fulguration:
- Cystectomy - surgical procedure to remove bladder
- Fulguration - destruction of living tissue
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What is the role of XRT in the treatment of bladder cancer?
Can be used initially and save surgery for salvage
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