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LaurenFleming
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Autotrophs
organisms that make their own food without organic molecules derived from another organism (use CO2 as carbon source)
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Photoautotrophs
autotrophs that use sunlight for energy, CO2 for carbon
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Chemoautotrophs
autotrophs that use reduced chemicals for energy, CO2 for carbon
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Photosynthetic organisms produce...
176 billion tons of carbohydrates per year
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What is a major source of heat, light, and cooking fuel for phtosynthetic organisms?
Buring plant material
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Photosynthesis reduces???
CO2
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Increasing demand and burning of fossil fuel does what??
increases production of polluting greenhouse gases (CO2)
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in redox reactions glucose_____electrons (in H atoms) and becomes what??
it becomes oxidized and becomes CO2
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in redox reactions O2 _____low E electrons (in Hatoms) and becomes ...??
it Gains and becomes reduced into H2O
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in redox reactions electrons _____ potential energy, and energy is ____ and ____ in ATP
electrons Lose ptential energy, energy is released and trapped
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Photosynthesis is ______ Process??
Redox
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What happens in the photosynthesis redox process??
- Reverse overall reaction in cellular respiration
- H2O is oxidized (giving up an electron)--->O2
- CO2 is reduced (taking an electron)---> C6H12O6 = glucose
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Photosynthesis in the redox process what happens to the electrons??
Electrons gain energy from H2O to C6H12O6, using light energy captured by chlorophyll
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What does cellular respiration do energy wise??
- releases energy stored in a glucose molecule
- Oxidized C6H12O6 --> CO2
- Reduce O2 ---> H2O (O2 as electron dump)
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What does photosynthesis do energy wise
- it captures energy from sun, transfers to glucose
- Reduce CO2---> C6H12O6
- Oxidize H2O ---> O2 (H2O as source of electrons)
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Cellular Respiration Energy usage =s
Glucose goes in and then H plus O2 that came out as a result of respiration =s H2O
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Photosynthesis energy usage =s
H + O2 =H20 glucose comes out
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What do plants have for photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
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The highest chloroplast density is
half a million per square millimeter of leaf surface
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How do leaves get there color?
chlorophyll
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Chlorophyll??
Light absorbing pigment
Key to conversion of solar energy to chemical energy
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Stroma
thick fluid, site of sugar synthesis, matrix in which grana reside
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Thylakoids
system of interconnected membranes in stroma
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Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
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Thylakoid membranes
contain chlorophyll pgments and ATP synthase
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Thylakoid space
lumen of thylakoid, H+ build up for H+ gradient
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Electromagnetic energy
travels through space as waves
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Wavelength (frequency)
Distance between the crests of two adjacent waves
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
very short gamma rays (high energy) --->very long radio waves (low energy)
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Photon
discrete packet of light energy (shorter wavelength, greater energy)
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visible light is at about ??
380 nm - 750nm
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Pigments are
thylakoid membranes
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pigments asorb what ??
absorb some wavelengths, reflect or transmit other wavelengths
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Chlorophyll pigments ______ and _____ green light???
transmit and reflect
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Different pigments ______ light of __________
absorb light of different wavelengths
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Chloroplasts contain ________ pigments
several pigments
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Chlorophyll a absorbs mainly ...??
Blue-violet and red light
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Chlorophyll a participates directly in ...??
Light Reactions
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Chlorophyll a appear grass-green because??
it reflects mainly green light
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Chlorophyll b absorbs mainly ...??
blue and orange light and reflects yellow-green
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Chlorophyll b broadens the range of usuable light by conveying ..??
absorbed energy to chlorophyll a
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What are the kinds of pigments??
- thylakoid membranes
- chlorophyll a
- chlorophyll b
- Carotenoids
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What do carotenoids do?
Absorb mainly blue-green light, transmit yellow-orange
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What happens to some of the Carotenoids??
Some pass energy to chlorophyll a
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What do some Carotenoids serve as??
Some serve as a protective function: absorb and dissipate excessive light, protect from damage
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Photons
discrete packets of light energy
Light
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an electron at ground state means??
stable
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an electron in excited state means?
unstable
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Generally, when isolated pigment molecules absorb light what happens?
excited electrons drop down to ground state in a billionth of a second, releasing their excess energy as heat
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Some pigments (chlorophyll) emit what??
Light and heat after absorbing photons
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Chlorophyll a absorbs what??
Photons (excites electrons)
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Photosynthesis occurs in two stages
- Light reaction
- Calvin cycle
6CO2 +6H2O --Light enery/photosynthesis--->glucose + 6O2
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Light Reaction is what?
light energy captured by chlorophyll mlecules in chloroplat provides boost for electrons ---> ATP and NADPH (and O2)
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Calvin Cycle is what?
(Dark Reaction)
CO2 reduced to C6H12O6 with ATP and NADPH of light reaction
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The Calvin cycle happens where?
in the Stroma
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Light reactions occur in ??
Thylakoids
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Pigments absorb ____ and pass energy from molecule to molecule until it reaches _____
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_______ _____ is protein complex with a chloropyll a molecule and a ____ _____ ____
- Reaction center
- Primary electron acceptor
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Primary ______ ______ captures a ____ ____ _____ from the reaction center _______ molecule
- electron acceptor
- light excited electron
- chlorophyll a molecule
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a Granum is what??
a stack of thylakoids
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Photosystem II and I are named in ...??
Named in order of discovery-- Photosystem II functions first
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Reaction Center Complexes
- Photosystem II
- Photosystem I
- chlorophyll a molecules are identical
- Associate w/ different proteins in thlakoid membrane
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Photosystem II absorbs what??
Absorb light with wavelength of 680 nm
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Photosystem I absorbs what??
Absorbs light with wavelength of 700nm
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what is the order of electrons in a light reaction
electron transport from PSII to PS I --> NADP+ (--> NADPH)
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What goes into the Calvin Cycle??
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What comes out of the Calvin Cycle??
G3P
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In general what happens in Light Reactions
- Light absorbed
- Water source of electrons to replace PS electrons
- Electrons transferred to NADP+ ---> NADPH
- output: NADPH, ATP, O2, H+
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In general what happens in the Calvin cycle
- Carbon fixation (uses CO2)
- NADPH provides high energy electrons
- Uses ATP
- outpus: 3 carbon sugar (G3P)
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what is G3P ?
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate a 3 carbon sugar
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What happens in the input of the Calvin Cycle?
the cycle has to run 3 times to get 1 G3P
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To make glucose what do you need?
2 G3P molecules ----> 18 ATP, 12NADPH and 6CO2
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What is the importance of Photosynthesis??
it generate oxygen and chemical energy
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Sugar synthesis supplies plants with..??
energy and carbon skeletons for making other compounds
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Sugar synthesis is stored ...??
is stored as a starch in various places in the plant (root, seed, fruit etc)
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Sugar synthesis provides nutrients for ...??
heterotrophs
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Oxygen synthesis supplies..??
Supples oxygen as byproduct
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Stomata are what??
openings in the leaves
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Under hot, arid conditions, leaves lose water by evaporation through opening in the leaves called ...???
Stomata
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The stomata close to conserve water but what happens as a result??
as a result O2 builds up inside the leaves and CO2 cannot enter the leaves
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Phtorespriation consumes ______ and Produces ______
- Consumes Oxygen (no CO2 available)
- Produces no ATP or sugar
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What happens in photorespiration??
- O2 (ATP, NADPH) goes in
- Calvin cycle
- 2C Compoun come out
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2-phosphoglycolate is what??
is TOXIC
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Avoiding Photorespiration
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C4 Pathway incorporates CO2 into ...?
incorporates CO2 into organic acids in one cell type, release CO2 to enter the Calvin Cycle in another cell type (Spatial)
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CAM Pathway incorporates CO2 into ....
CO2 into organic acids at night, releases CO2 to enter Calvin Cycle during day (Temporal)
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what does CAM stand for
Crassulacean acid metabolism
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C3, C4, CAM plants all do what??
ALL do light reactions and Calvin Cycle
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C3, C4, CAM all on a hot day have what??
closed stomata
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as a result of being hot C3 does what??
C3 plants do photorespiration
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As a result of being hot C4 does what?
C4 plants fix CO2 in meophyll cells and shunt the resulting organic acids to bundle-sheath cells to concentrate CO2 there
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As a result of being hot CAM does what
CAM plants fix CO2 at night and break down resulting organic acids in day to generate CO2
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What is cellular respiration's energy source?
Glucose
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What is cellular respiration's phosphorylation of ADP---> ATP ??
Substrate level and Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Cellular respiration's site of transformation is where?
Cytoplasm and Mitochondrion
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Photosynthesis site of Transformation is where
Chloroplast
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Cellular respirations source of electrons are what
glucose
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Photosynthesis's source of electrons are ??
Water
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What are the electrons that end up and which ones get produced with added electrons in cellular respiration
O2-----> H20
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What are the electrons that end up and which ones get produced with added electrons in photosynthesis
CO2 ---> G3P ---> C6H12O6
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What are the electron shuttles in cellular respiration
NAD+. NADH, FAD/FADH2
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What are the electron shuttles in photosynthesis
NADP+/NADPH
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Energy of electrons in the final product of cellular respiration
Low H2O
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Energy of electrons in final product of photosynthesis??
High Glucose
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What do cellular respiration and photosynthesis have in common ??
The both have an electron transport and H+ gradient for potential energy
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is there Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis in cellular respiration??
Yes Oxidative phosphorylation
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is there Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis happen in Photosynthesis?
Yes Photophosphorylation
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Cellular respiration conversion of energy
Chemical to chemical
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Energy conversion in Photosynthesis
Light to chemical
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What is the sugar conversion pathway in cellular respiration?
Glucose---> CO2
(glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle)
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What happens in the sugar conversion pathway in Photosynthesis
CO2---> G3P
(Calvin Cycle)
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