bio 19

learning and recalling for pavlovian conditioning

-repeated trals ineffective responses occurred less frequently and effective responses occurred more frequently

*experiment: cats needed less time to escape from puzzle box

• -succesful responses were stamped in by the experience, ocurred more frequently
• *satisfying consequences

-Unsuccessful responses, those producing annoying consequences were stamped out and occured less frequently

***some consequences streghtened behavior and some consequences weakened behavior

increases the probability  that a behavior will occur

decreases the probability that a behavior will occur

tegmental field area and substantia nigra

reward and reinforcement

its just as important as dopamine for behaviors directed at rewards

rats were given drugs that stimulated dopamine in dark side and saline shot on the brighter side.

*rats would prefer to hangout in the dark

dopamine

**all types

less activiation of the levers will happen

maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by 3 or more symsptoms occuring at any time in the same 12 month span...

***DSM-IV

-substance is taken in larger amounts or oveer longer period of time than intended

-persistent desire or unscucesful efforts to cut down or control substance abuse

-great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substances, use substance, or recover from its effects

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-important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced becuase of substance abuse

-continued use of subtsnce despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent osychological or physical problem hat is caused by the substance

-need for greater amount of the substance in order to acheive intoxication or desired effect

-markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount

characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance

-the same or closely related to sybstance take to releive or avoid withdrawal symotoms

-decrease in sensitivity to a drug as a result of exposure to it

*same drug more doses to feel same way

metabolic and functional

body takes action to limit the amount of durg that reaches the site of action

once drug reaches its site of action, it no longer produces the same magnitude of effect

*less cascade of events will occur as the drug is repeeatedly used