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What are the three classification of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
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Describe a fibrous joint
Band of dense irregular connective tissue connects two, or bone and tooth. This is what holds together the bones of the skull; it is also what holds teeth in place.
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Describe a cartilaginous joint
like that between the ribs and the sternum, is where bones are held together by cartilage.
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Describe a synovial joint
a synovial cavity is present and filled with synovial fluid. Articular cartilage covers the bones where they are in contact. The entire structure is contained by a joint capsule.
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There is a rough, but imperfect, alignment between the _________ and ________ classification schemes for joints.
functional; structural/anatomical
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At extremes, easy to see alignment between classifications. For example, skull sutures are
functionally a synarthrosis and structurally a fibrous joint.
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The hip joint, a diarthrosis, is also a _______ _____. The ___________ _____ is both a diarthrosis (functionally) and a ______ _____.
synovial joint; temperomandibular joint; synovial joint
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There are joints and joint-like structures that resist simple classification. For example, the joint between the tooth and the mandible (or maxilla), called a ________, is functionally a little bit ________ and a little bit ___________.
gomphosis; synarthrosis; amphiarthrosis
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Interosseous membrane of the upper and lower extrmities is anatomically a ______ _____.
fibrous joint
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Interosseous membrane of the upper and lower extremities is functionally an
amphiarthrotic joint
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Key features of a synovial joint.
- Bones
- -two or more articulating bones
articular cartilage (reduces friction and provides cushion) -hyaline cartilage lining joint surface.
- Joint capsule
- -fibrous capsule (outer)
- -synovial membrane (inner)
- -synovial fluid (secreted by membrane)
- Bursa
- - fluid-filled sacs near joint that help reduce friction between tendons and bone.
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"One" feature of synovial joints is that since they must allow for free movement, they are often __________ imperfect and subject to damage.
structurally
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One unique feature of the TMJ is the presence of an _______ ____, made mostly of type I collagen, halfway between the cartilaginous surfaces. This divides the synovial cavity into two parts, a ________ compartment and _______ compartment. It is this _______ ____ which, when it becomes inflamed, causes most cases of TMJ pain in patients.
articular disc; superior; inferior; articular disc
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Gliding movements are
side-to-side and do not change angle of joint.
examples: intercarpal (wrist) joint; intertarsal (ankle) joints
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Since the vertebrae can bend sideways, the movement of _______ _______ is possible for the back only.
lateral flexion
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These are rotational movements that are neither flexion nor extension, neither adduction nor abduction.
circumduction;
Shoulder and hip joints
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Angular movements change
the angle of a joint
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Flexion- Extension- Hyperextension
flexion- is decreasing the angle of a joint
extension- is increasing the angle of a joint
hyperextension- is increasing the angle past anatomical position.
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Adduction- Abduction
adduction- is moving towards the midline
abduction- is moving away from the midline
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What are the six synovial joints. give an example of each.
Planar- between the navicular and second and third cuneiforms fo the tarsus (ankle).
Hinge- between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna at elbow.
Pivot- between head of radius and radial notch of ulna
Condyloid- between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpus (wrist).
Saddle- between trapezium of carpus (wrist) and metacarpal of thumb.
Ball-and-Socket- between head of the femur and acetabulum of the hip bone.
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Aging joints have three common problems. What are they?
- Osteoarthritis
- Bursitis
- Sprains
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Osteoarthritis is
an inflammation of a joint, particularly a synovial joint.
-Loss of synovial fluid and breakdown in articular cartilage.
-Friction between joints results in reactive bone formation which increases friction.
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Bursitis is
inflammation of the bursa which allows tendons and ligaments to slide past bones at joints.
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Sprains are
microscopic tears in a ligament or tendon.
-compare strains = muscle microtears or muscle or muscle/tendon tears
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