Physiology Test 4

Humans must get basic organic molecules from food for what three reason

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins broken down to building blocks during digestion

building blocks taken into the bloodstream by absorption

By what process does digestion break down polymers into monomers?

Where is the digestive tract considered to be in relation to the body?

indigestible fiber- wood fiber

Six functions of the digestive tract

taking food into the mouth

chewing

swallowing

one way automatic rhythmic movement through the GI tract starting at the esophagus after swallowing

churning as in the stomach

digestive enzymes, acid, mucus released outside an organ or tract

hormones to regulate digestion released within an organ or tract

breaking food down into smaller units

passing broken down food into blood or lymph

simple columnar epithelium with tight junctions to prevent swallowed pathogens from entering the body

Parts of the GI tract

length of the gastrointestinal tract

other organs that help the digestive tract but are not considered directly part of the tract

6 accessory organs

how many adult teeth do most people have?

GI tract layers

inner secretory and absorptive layer that may be folded to increase surface area

layer that contains glands and is very vascular to pick up nutrients

smooth muscle layer responsible for peristalsis and segmentation

outer binding and protective layer

stimulates and speeds up esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, and first part of large intestine by using parasympathetic division of GI tract

stimulates and speeds up lower large intestine by using the parasympathetic division of the GI tract

slows down and inhibits peristalsis and secretion by stimulating contraction of sphincters

paracrine signals and sensory neurons in gut wall

contains mucus and amylase to start digestion of starch and carbs

antimicrobial agen in saliva

How many muscles coordinatedly contract in deglutination?

Three parts of deglutination

voluntary part of deglutination where the muscles of mouth and tongue mix food with saliva

initiated by receptors in the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx

covers the nasopharynx

covers the vocal cord

What relaxes in order to allow deglutination?

automatic part of deglutination regulated by the controlled byswallowing center of the brain stem

lump of food moving down the esophagus after swallowing

Mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus are lined with ___ ____ and innervated by ___ ____ ___.

Lower esophagus is lined with ___ ___ controlled by the ___ ____ ____.

length of the esophagus

the esophagus passes through the diaphragm through what structure?

esophagus is lined with what type of cells?

What sphincter allows food to pass into the stomach but not out

5 functions of the stomach

food passing into the small intestines after going through the stomach

Food is delivered to the ___ region of the stomach.

upper region of the stomach

lower region of the stomach

distal region of the stomach

end of the pyloris and start of the small intestine

stomach folds in lining

stomach ulcers most occur in what region?

caused by overloading acids on barriers by burning, carbonation, and acidic foods

Located at the base of rugae to make secretory cells

secrete mucus to help protect stomach lining from acid

secrete HCl acid and intrinsic factor to help small intestine absorb vitamin B12

secrete pepsinogen

secrete histamine and serotonin as paracrine signals

secrete gastrin hormone

descrete somatostatin hormone

primary active transport of H+ takes place through ____

Cl- is transported through what process?

made in G cells and carried to parietal cells in blood to stimulate secretion of HCl

Gastrin stimulates ECL cells to secrete ___.

stimulates parietal cells via H2 receptors

stimulate parietal and ECL cells

Main functin of HCl

Describe the process by which HCl drops pH level

Optimum pH for pepsin activity

Two things that could eat the stomach lining

Three defenses prevent eroding of the stomach lining

Stomach is the site of beginning digestion for which molecule?

Starches begin digestion in __

Starch digestion ends in the ___. Why?

Only common substances absorbed in the stomach

erosions of the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum

bacterium that reduces mucosal barriers to acid

treatment for ulcers is a combination of ___ and ___.

inflammation of the submucosa caused by erosion from acid

needed to stimulate protective alkaline mucus production

Tagamet and Zantac inhibit ___ receptors.

big folds of the small intestine's mucosa and submucosa

three sections of the small intestine in order from top to bottom

mucosa of the small intestine has smaller folds called __?

epithelial plasma membranes are folded into ___

Site of complete digestion of carbs, proteins, and fats

Part of the small intestine that absorbs sugars, lipids, amino acids, calcium, and iron

part of the small intestine that absorpbs bile salts, vitamin B12, water, and electrolytes

columnar epithelium with goblet cells

what absorbs sugars and amino acids?

absorbs fatty acids

Lacteal is part of the ___ system.

have microbial properties and secrete antibacterial molecules

Paneth cells and mitotic stem cells make up ___.

intestinal enzymes located on villi

Brush border enzymes break 2, 3, 4 carbs apart to make ___.

Monosaccharides are absorbed by ___.

Active sites of brush border enzymes are exposed to ___.

Intestinal peristalsis is week because of pressure where?

What upsets autonomic peristalic rhythms?

Stronger function of small intestines and its purpose

___ ___ contractions occur automatically.

graded depolarizations produced by pacemaker cells that cause action potentions in muscle cells

What causes smooth muscle to contract automatically?

pacemaker cells of the smooth muscles

Depolorization fromt he interstitial cells of Cajal opens ___ gated __ channels

___ ___ nervous system stimulates or inhibits cells of Cajal.

Two things of the parasympathetic system that combine to increase amplitude and duration of slow waves

Path of the Large Intestine

Four functions of the large intestine

several hundred different species of bacteria that live in the large intestines

Two categories of intestinal bacteria

bacteria that benefit while not harming the host

bacteria that benefit while also benefiting the host

Four benefits of microbes

IBS is caused by disruption of normal ___.

How much water is excreted with feces per day?

Stimulates greater salt and water absorption

what secretes aldosterone?

Controls defecation voluntarily

contract to increase pressure as the anal sphincters relax

As material passes to the rectum, PRESSURE ___ and the internal sphincter ___.

largest abdominal organ

first stop for blood from intestines

regenerative liver cells

capillaries that separate hepatic plates

True or False: The liver is very permeable.

delivers products of digestion absorbed in intestines to the liver

blood leaves the liver after circulating through its capillaries through the ___

formed by hepatocytes and arranged as liver lobules with hepatic arteries, hepatic portal veins, and a central vein

bile secreted by hepatocytes is released into the __ ___

Five functions of the liver

Where are molecules in bile reabsorbed to be returned to the liver?

How much bile does the liver make per day

Five components of bile

breaks large fat down into small beads of fat

what acts as an emulsifier

color of bilirubin

a not water-soluble component derived from hemoglobin and produced in spleen, liver, and bone marrow

Bilirubin IS OR IS NOT directly filtered by kidneys and secreted by bile?

conjugates with bilirubin to make the bilirubin water soluble

color of biliverdin

When can bilirubin be secreted in bile?

component that makes feces brown and is converted from bilirubin by bacteria in the small intestine

percentage of urobilinogen absorbed and taken to liver

Some urobilinogen can be used in the blood and kidneys to make )).

made from bile acids conjugated with glycineortaurine

derived from cholesterol and contain four polar groups on each molecule

Two examples of bile acids

most bile acids is recycled through ___ ___.

How much cholesterol is broken down and lost in feces?

bile salts form ___ with polar groups toward water

functional bile salts contain __

Three ways for the liver to detox the blood

converted into urea

returned to the blood to be filtered by the kidneys

altered and secreted into bile

Two things the liver stores blood glucose as and the processes by which it is done

What happens to glucose that the liver breaks down to glycogen?

can be made by liver from glucose by process of ___.

__ can be made from fatty acids by the liver by the process of ___.

stores and concentrates bile from the liver

tract of the gallbladder

sphincter located in duodenum

make insulin and glucagon in pancreas

make pancreatic juice to be delivered to the duodenum

Endocrine or Exocrine? insulin and glucagon of the pancreas

Endocrine or Exocrine? pancreatic juice of pancreas

bicarbonate + 20 digestive enzymes

made from CO2 from the blood by cells lining ductules

Process by which bicarbonate is made

Bicarbonate is ___ into ___, and H+ is ___ into ___.

Bicarbonate is countertransported with __.

condition in which a person has trouble secreting bicarbonate, thus destroying the pancreas

inactive until they reach the small intestine

activates trypsinogen

activated enzyme to digest protein

primary stage of digestion

starch digestion continues in small intestines with ___ ___

Two components of brush border cells

Two ways monosaccharides are absorbed across the epithelium

formed from pepsin in stomach during digestion of proteins

Five enzymes to finish protein digestion

Digestion of proteins end in the ...?

During the absorption of proteins, ____________ are cotransported with sodium

Dipeptides and tripeptides cross via what?

Aids dipeptides and tripeptides in active transport

pH range needed for protein digestion

Fat digestion begins where?

breaks down or emulsifies fat

breaks fat down into fatty acids

stripped to have two molecules outside of the gradient and one inside

Fatty acids and monoglycerides are transported to ___

Fatty acids and monoglycerides in epithelial cells are turned into what three things?

Fatty acides combine with proteins to make __.

main source of muscle energy

Two components of fat molecules

___ ___ drops chylomicrons into the bloodstream at the ___ ___.

agent that allows chylomicrons to bind to receptors on the capillary epithelium within muscles and adipose tissue

releases free fatty acids for use by muscle cells or storage by fat cells

Formed from the combination of cholesterol and triglycerides with apolipoproteins

removed triglycerides which transport cholesterol to organs

cholesterol is excess returned to the liver

primary function of the kidneys

Four functions of the kidney

functional unit of the kidney responible for forming urine

how many nephrons per kidney?

Three functions of nephrons

Made up of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

What is and is not secreted from the Bowman's capsule?

Function of the renal corpuscle

filtration slits of the kidney

Volumes of filtrate produced by BP

connected to Bowman's capsule for reabsorption

returns most filtrate to peritubular capillaries

How much urine excreted in 24 hours maximum?

Minimum amount of urine that must be excreted per day

Sodium goes out of filtrate by

Two things that passively follow sodium out of PCT

part of Loop of Henle that is permeable to water; impermeable to salt

part of Loop of Henle that is impermeable to water' permeable to salt

allow descending and ascending limbs of Loop to increase osmolality in medulla

An increase in osmolality in ___ ___ causes more filtrate to be delivered to ___ ___.

Pumping sodium out of ascending loop __ osmolality causing increased ___ to diffuse out of ___ ___.

__ filtrate causes more sodium transport, which results in __ osmalality around ___ ___.

covering of Loop of Henle for secretion

important component of countercurrent multiplier

Vasa recta recirculates salt trapping some in the ___.

what reabsorbs water coming from where on the loop of henle?

hyperosmotic urine produced due to maintenance of solute gradients

contributes to osmolality in medulla

urea diffuses to __ __.

plays important role in water conservation because it is impermeable to salt in the medulla and permeable to urea

permeability of water in the collecting duct varies because of

Three components of urine

causes regulation and secretion of urine

imparied ability to excrete wastes and regulate blood volume, pH, and electrolyes- resulting from atherosclerosis, inflammation of tubules, kidney ischemia, or NSAIDs

inflammation of glomeruli caused by an autoimmune attack against glomerular capillary basemen membranes and leakge of protein into urine

nephrons destroyed causing salt and water retenion and uremia

condition with high plasma H+ and K+ levels

inability to regulate ammonia or urea flow

How to solve many urinary problems

How much fluid does the average person need per day?

procedure used to shatter simple stones in the kidney or upper urinary tract

bacteria enters the bladder or kidneys

cystitis is more common in ___ because the urethra is shorter.

common name for cystitis

Symptoms of a urinary tract infection

A UTI can be an infection of what two things?

tube that can be inserted into a body cavity (such as the bladder), duct, or vessel

process of inserting a catheter

sudden contractions of the bladder produce sensation of urgency, more common in women

inability to control urination or defecation

synthetically removing, cleansing, and putting blood back through tubing of various passage sizes

waste product of protein digestion

inadequate rate when kidneys fail to filter that causes an increase in creatine

feuls filtration rate

bacteria in urine could cause what appearance?