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Psychotherapy
the treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships
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Biomedical Therapies
the use of medications, electroconvulsive therapy, or other medical treatments to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders
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Psychotropic Medications
drugs that are used to treat psychological or mental disorders
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Psychoanalysis
a type of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts
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Repressed
pushed out of conscious awareness
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Insight
the sudden realization of how a problem can be solve
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Free association
a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind, as a way of revealing unconscious thoughts and emotions
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Resistance
in psychoanalysis, the patient's unconscious attempts to block the revelation of repressed memories and conflicts
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Dream Interpretation
a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of the dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations
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Interpretation
a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the psychoanalyst offers a carefully timed explanation of the patient's dreams, free associations, or behaviors to facilitate the recognition of unconscious conflicts or motivations
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Transference
in psychoanalysis, the process by which emotions and desires originally associated with a significant person in the patient's life, such as a parent, are unconsciously transferred to the psychoanalyst
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Short-term Dynamic Therapies
type of psychotherapy that is based on psychoanalytic theory but differs in that it is typically time-limited, has specific goals, and involves an active, rather than neutral, role for the therapist
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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
a brief, psychodynamic psychotherapy that focuses on current relationships and is based on the assumption that symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems
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Unresolved Grief
problems dealing with the death of significant others
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Role Disputes
repetitive conflicts with significant others
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Role Transitions
problems involving major life changes
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Interpersonal Deficits
absent or faulty social skills that limit the ability to start or maintain healthy relationships with others
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Humanistic Perspective
Emphasizes human potential, self-awareness, and freedom of choice
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Client (or person) Centered Therapy
a type of psychotherapy developed by humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers in which the therapist is nondirective and reflective, and the client directs the focus of each therapy session
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Genuineness
the therapist honestly and openly shares thoughts and feelings with the client
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Unconditional Positive Regard
the therapist accepts, values, and cares for the clients, regardless of problems or behavior
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Empathetic Understanding
the therapist reflects the content and personal meanings of the feelings being experienced by the client
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Conditional Acceptance
acceptance by significant others is based on conforming to their expectations
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Self-actualization
the realization of a person's unique potentials and talent
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Motivational Interviewing (MI)
More directive than traditional client centered therapy, it is designed to help clients overcome mixed feelings or reluctance to commit to change
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Behavior therapy (behavior modification)
a type of psychotherapy that focuses on directly changing maladaptive behavior patterns by using basic learning principles and techniques
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Counterconditioning
a behavior therapy technique based on classical conditioning that involves modifying behavior by conditioning a new response that is incompatible with a previously learned response
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Observational Learning
social imitation, in the context of Mary Cover Jones' experiment
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Systematic Desensitization
a type of behavior therapy in which phobic responses are reduced by pairing relaxation with a series of mental images or real-life situations that the person finds progressively more fear-provoking; based on the principle of counterconditioning
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Progressive Relaxation
first step in systematic desensitization; successively relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved
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Anxiety Hierarchy
second step in systematic desensitization, listing anxiety-provoking images associated with the feared situation in order from least to most anxiety producing
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Control Scene
third step in systematic desensitization, developing an image of a relaxing scene
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Aversive Conditioning
a relatively ineffective type of behavior therapy that involves repeatedly pairing an aversive stimulus with the occurence of undesirable thoughts or behaviors
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Antabuse
a medication used in aversive therapy for alcoholism, induces extreme nausea in a person if they drink alcohol while on this drug
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Shaping
involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior
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Reinforcement (positive & negative)
used to increase the incidence of desired behaviors
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Extinction
the absence of reinforcement, used to reduce the occurrence of undesired behaviors
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Baseline Rate
how often each problem occurred before treatment began
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Token Economy
a form of behavior therapy in which the therapeutic environment is structured to reward desired behaviors with tokens or points that may eventually be exchanged for tangible rewards
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Contingency Management
a group of psychotherapies based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to illogical patterns of thinking; treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy thinking patterns
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Cognitive Therapies
a group of psychotherapies based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to illogical patterns of thinking; treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy thinking patterns
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Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
a type of cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs
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ABC model
- An Activating event occurs (A)
- The person's Beliefs (B)
- about the event cause emotional Consequences (C)
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Cognitive Therapy (CT)
therapy developed by Aaron T Beck that focuses on changing the client's unrealistic and maladaptive beliefs
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and that is based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated
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Group Therapy
a form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working simultaneously with a small group of clients
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Self-help Groups and Support Groups
similary to group therapy, conducted by nonprofessionals
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Family Therapy
a form of psychotherapy that is based on the assumptions that the family is a system and that treats the family as a unit
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Couple Therapy
therapy is conducted with any couple in a committed relationship
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Behavioral Couple Therapy
based on the assumption that couples are satisfied when they experience more reinforcement than punishment in the relationship
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Spontaneous Remission
some people eventually improve just with the passage of time
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Meta-analysis
to combine and interprest the results of large numbers of sudy, pooling the results of several studies into a single analysis, creating one large study that can reveal overall trends in the data
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Empirically Supported Treatments
psychotherapy approaches based on known psychological principles that have been subjected to controlled scientific trials and have demonstrated their effectiveness in helping people with psychological problems
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Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR)
therapy technique in which the client holds a vivid mental image of a troubling event or situation while rapidly moving his or her eyes back and forth in response to the therapists waving finger or while the therapist administers some other form of bilateral stimulation, such as sounding tones in alternate earsars
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Exposure Therapy
behavioral therapy for phobias, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or related anxiety disorders in which the person is repeatedly exposed to the disturbing object or situation under controlled conditions
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Eclecticism
the pragmatic and integrated use of techniques from different psychotherapies
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Integrative Psychotherapy
also uses multiple approaches to therapy, but tends to blend them together rather than choosing different approaches for different clients
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psychotropic medications
drugs that alter mental functions, alleviate psychological symptoms, and are used to treat psychological or mental disorders
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antipsychotic medications
prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatement of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics
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atypical antipsychotic medications
newer antipsychotic medications that, in contrast to the early antipsychotic drugs, block dopamine receptors in brain regions associated with psychotic symptoms rather than more globally throughout the brain, resulting in fewer side effects
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antianxiety medications
prescription drugs that are used to alleviate the symptoms of anxiety
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lithium
a naturally occurring substance that is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder
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antidepressant medications
prescription drugs that are used to reduce the symptoms associated with depression
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)
class of antidepressant medications that increase the availability of serotonin in the brain and cause fewer side effects than earlier antidepressants; they include Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy used primarily in the treatement of depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brian seizure; also called electroshock therapy
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