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Anatomically Modern Humans
- one of the most adaptable species
- inhabit over 32 different environments or habitats
- temp. 100 degrees F to -50 degrees F
- below see level and up to 12,000 feet above
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Overkill Theory
- human populations increase
- more efficient hunters
- hunt species to extinction
- 75% of mega fauna became extinct
- Problems: some extinction occur before humans arrive; too few humans; don't eat/need to kill so many animals
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Climatic Change Theory
- End of Ice Age = glaciers receding
- Species could not adopt especially cold weather animals
- cold and wet -> warm and dry climate
- Shrinking habitats -> mass starvation
- Problems: animals survived previous glacial sequences without extinction; diverse animals became extinct; different food sources and ecozones; a large # of animals
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Human Prehistoric Periods
- Paleolithic Period: 2.5mya-10,000ya; based on big game hunting and gathering
- Mesolithic Period: 10,000ya-7,000ya; transition from big game hunting to small game hunting and extensive gathering (more of a transition; mega fauna go extinct)
- Neolithic Period: 7,000ya-3,000ya; from the beginnings of agriculture to the use of metal tools
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Mesolithic
- From big game hunting to new food sources (deer, smaller mammals, and fish)
- Start exploiting fish and shell fish and river plants
- Use nuts roots and berries
- Extensive knowledge of plants -> ag. (experiment with plants)
- Shift in Living Sites: from cave and rock shelters to open air sites; more sites found = more ppl; small specialized sites = seasonal, food availability ex) salmon fishing
- Exploit different food sources: trade with other groups; food sharing/migration; trade cultural items (moving goods and acculumating)
- New tool complex: microlithes(chips put on sticks); small sharpened stones fitted on stick/spear; made tools that make tools; sickles(used to cut plants); mortar and pestle = grind grains, spices(expirement with cooking)
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Change in Lifestyle
- 12,500 - 10,200ya
- Hilly flanks: use foods on side of hills to bottom of hill
- Jordan River valley: ex) Natufians; drying environment; burned ground(put nitrogen in soil; clear the land); stored food; begin to deliberately alter environment; became more sedentary; buried dead in cemeteries
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Neolithic Period
- 7,000-3,000ya
- transitional stage
- collect and grow plants(use animals)
- beginnings of ag.
- use of metal tools (plow, smelt metal)
- Domestication of plants and animals (humans modify)
- Origins of Ag.: change in plant form (ex- corn); allow control of growth and harvesting
- Increase in culture tech: ag. and herding; plow (scapula of an animal); food processing tools
- Small migratory groups to large sedentary villages
- Near fields and water (easy to farm)
- production of storage vessels
- Develop wheel(not in the Old World) and animal power(for transportation and ag.)
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Neolithic Revolution
- Broad spectrum revolution
- rely on manufactured food source
- alter foods and animals
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Why Produce Food?
- Desiccation or oasis theory: V. Gordon Childe
- environmental shift
- glaciers dry up
- areas dry up
- less rain
- Need to cultivate few remaining areas
- Also explains use of animals (goats, sheep, cattle)
- Population increase = more food to support population
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Problems with food production
- Farming more labor intensive than foraging (more free time as hunters and gatherers)
- does not secure food availability
- rely too much on one crop
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Plant Domestication
- Middle East: 11,500ya; fertile crescent; wheat and barley
- China: 10,000 ya; millet/rice
- MesoAmerica: 9,000ya
- Mexico City and Teuhacan Valley: 6,000ya; the three sisters = squash, beans, and corn- all together, provide all amino acids (found with Native Americans)
- New Guinea: 7,000 ya; yam; banana
- S. America and S. Central Andes: 6,000ya; potato, quinoa, beans, cotton(change in clothing), peanut
- Eastern U.S.: 4,500ya; sunflower, goosefoot, squash
- Sub-Saharan Africa: 4,500ya; sorghum, millet, rice
- Europe: imported 5,000ya
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Domestication of Dogs
- 35,000ya?
- first domesticated animals = dogs (for herding)
- select for docile one's (neotony)
- mutual domestication (benefit both ways)
- 15,000ya = definite use of dogs
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Domestication of Animals
- 7,000ya
- Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa): Goats, sheep, cattle and pigs; 3,000BP = horses
- New World: 6,000BP;guinea pigs; llamas/alpacas (not herd animals); turkey
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Population Increase
- 10,000ya
- Huge increase in population becasue of ag.
- 1900's+ = huge spike due to modern medicine
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Consequences of a Sedentary Lifestyle
- Erosion- taking protective top layer with ag.
- deforestation
- overcrowding
- pollution
- warfare = scarce resources
- rely on one crop
- rough on the body
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Agriculture and Nutritional Deficiency
- staple foods
- shorter stature
- anemia = iron defficiency
- pellagra = a vitamin defficiency = niocin; rash; sores; dimentia
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Dental Issues
- lines on teeth caused by them stop growing due to illness/deficiency
- cavities (not in hunters and gatherers) (caused by sugars in grains)
- absess infection in bone
- maouth is getting smaller
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Body Changes
- Before: bones are thicker
- After: bones become smaller
- Evolution of Osteoarthritis: bone on bone -> start to break apart
- A lot more effort to be a farmer
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Infectious Disease
- many diseases from animals ex) poxes, measles, swine flu, bird flu)
- Hunters and gatherers (intestinal parasites)
- High density ag. population
- Treponematoses- Syphilis (go crazy, start in the NW, 4 types)
- TB- live in crowded unsanitary conditions, from cattle
- Animal diseases (cows)
- influenza (from birds and pigs)
- Black Plague- carried by rats with fleas
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Infectious Disease: Osteomyelitis
- infection of long bone (in marrow cavity)
- puss draining out
- entire bone infected
- swollen, heavy, irregular
- -> cloaca- site of injury on bone
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Skull Vault: Porotic Hyperostosis
- porus skull due to anemia
- try to produce red blood cells
- main bones of skull (parietal, occipital, frontal)
- thinning/destruction of outer cortical bone
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Vitamin D Deficiency
- 90% from sunlight
- 10% from diet (eggs)
- Culture, job, pollution
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Rickets: Children
- softening of the bones
- depending on age, can be reversed
- can't get calcium, bones become bowed
- effects growth and development
- adults: spine and pelvis can collapse
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Overbundance
- -> diabetes
- -> heart disease
- -> cancer
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Early Civilizations
- Jericho: 9,000ya
- Jordan River Valley
- walled settlement
- 400-900 people
- stone tower
- cemetery
- sedentary
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Neolithic Housing
- use a lot of stone; wood; brick; poles with mud
- a thatched roof
- permanent (does not always go with domestication)
- increased complexity (more specialized) (beginning of trade)
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Neolithic Clothing
- an open rough weave
- wool
- cotton (in NW ex) South America)
- flax/linen (use plants)
- silk
- loom
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Neolithic Social Structure
- Stone Hedge (S.W. of London) (rock from Wales)
- Egalitarian
- Small villages
- Little division of labor
- Kinship groups
- Work together
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Neolithic Around the World
- Southwest Asia: 8,000 - 9,000ya
- Mesoamerica: 4,500ya
- based on when ag. is introduced
- technology varied
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Transition to Food Production
- increased population
- increased sedentary lifestyle
- created craft specialization
- created more diverse societies
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Food Acquisition
- Horticulture: a small plot; soil not good; "Hoe" gardening; swidden ag. = slash and burn; small scale ag.; moved
- Agriculture: simple to complex methods; "plow" -> mechanization
- Pastoralism: rely on animals = Transhumance activity on the seasonal migration of herds
- Hunters and Gatherers: includes foraging, fishing, and big game hunting; vary depending on environment and food sources available
- Fishing
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Civilization
- Meaning: laws, religion, language
- Anthropology: large # of ppl, cities, social stratification, central political system, stable
- Cities: large size; large population; labor specialization; class stratification; surplus (store houses)
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Primary Civilizations
- Villages -> Towns ---> Cities
- 4,500 - 6,000ya: Mesopotamia; Egypt; Indus Valley
- 5,000ya: China
- 4,000ya: Peru
- 2,000ya: MesoAmerica
- Civilization developed independently
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Secondary Civilization
- Brought into this area; idea brought
- Mediterranean
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- Southeast Asia
- Polynesia (last few thousand years)
- North America
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Catalhoyuk
- 9,500ya
- South Central Turkey
- 5,000 ppl
- No streets (walk on top of buildings)
- No central authority
- No intense ag. (hunting and gathering)
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Mohenjo - Daro
- Indus River Valey (Western India)
- 4,000ya
- 20,000 ppl
- Grid pattern
- flood control (walls protect it)
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Teotihuacan
- Modern day Mexico City
- Mesoamerica: 2,200ya
- pyramids(sun over cave- portal to underworld, moon)
- apartments on the side of road(Street of the Dead) connecting pyramids for elite
- special living for foreigners(trading)
- 100,000ppl
- had 6 levels of social classes
- Artisans
- Merchants
- Farmers(irrigation)
- layout based on astronomy
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Tikal
- in Guatemala
- Mayan civilization
- 3,000 - 1,100ya
- 120 sq. km (Disney World)
- 45,000 ppl; 700 per sq. km
- Great Plaza
- houses
- smaller plazas
- temples
- public buildings (libraries, poor houses)
- Social classes (some what based around religion)
- Trade center
- woodworking, pottery, masons, textile wrkrs
- Imported: jade, obsidian
- Hereditary rulers
- Defensive ditches/embankments
- Religion: Priests = crops (empire falls during climate shift)
- Fruit trees (orchards)
- Raised fields to control water
- Increasing warfare
- Pressure from food/land
- Nutrition problems in skeleton
- --> Decline
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Shift from Village to City
- Agricultural innovations: irrigation- dikes, canals, resevoirs; increase yields; Sumaria (first place of irrigation)
- Diversification of labor: increase in population; Artisans; Craft Specialists- Silversmith, sculptors, tanners, butchers, carpenters, barbers, potters, engravers, bakers; Bronze Age; produce tools of bronze(metal alloy- copper and tin); ornamental; armor(first time); plows; swords(more people = more conflict)
- Central Government: Centralized; taxes- pay for common good; manage surplus; defense- army, fortifications
- Social Stratification
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Monumental Architecture
- Pyramids: elaborate tombs; found all over the world; oriented to points of compass; tallest buildings in world for 3,800yrs; largest = 775ft long, 481ft high, 2.3 million blocks, would take 10,000 men 20 yrs
- Temples
- Palaces
- Sculptures
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Writing
- provide info
- Keep records: political, religious, some economic(track food surlpus and taxes)
- Sumerian: Ur- first found in(5,000ya); reeds on clay tablets; stone tablets; for record keeping; mark equals word- eventually stood for syllables(earliest that can be decoded)
- China: wrote on tortoise shells and stones; 8,600ya; not sure of its use; can't be decoded; no syllables; possibly just art; lacking proto-writing; lack expectations
- Mesoamerica: Maya; on pillars; celebrations; independent development
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Early Government
- Babylonia: 3,700 - 3,950ya; keep records; Hammurabi- first to create laws(to write them), created the Hammurabi code, laws on property, loans, family rights, malpractice, penalties -"eye for an eye"
- Inca: Spread out along western S. America; first invaders; Peru- peak at 1,525AD, had a system of roads(runners), 2,500 miles by 500 miles, multiple ethnic groups, emperor ruled in Couscous, administrative regions, runners carried messages(up to 250 miles a day)
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Social Stratification
- Social classes
- Family of birth
- type of work
- wealth of accumulation
- Evidence: laws written, burial customs, dwelling size and location, skeletal remains
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Shift to State Society
- Easier to share resources
- Group ID
- Provide a better defense
- Easier to control groups
- Ecological Approach: environment = changing environment led to agriculture and cities, ex) Mesopotamia
- Hydraulic theory: irrigation- takes a lot of effort and ppl; first ag.; first cities; first writing; first laws; Near Mesopotamia
- Trade-network theory: scarcity of resources -> need central auhority; found in Mesopotamia, Highlands(Chillies), coast(salt), intermediate areas(cotton, beans) (Teotihuacan)
- Environmental barriers theory: seas, mountains, desserts; hemmed in by natural barriers; creates warfare and conflict = need for central government (ex) Inca)
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Problems With Theories
Not all cultures fit: New Guinea(limited barriers and irrigation yet no central gov't); North America(extensive trade, no big cities); neighboring groups co-exist; Tikal- environment shaped?(not sustainable)
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Action Theory
Self serving actions by forceful leaders: impose hereditary rule; ties into religion- Divine Rights
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Civilizations and its Problems
- Waste Disposal: garbage, sewage
- Disease: TB
- Genetic Resistance
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Waste Disposal
Rome 800BC: first sewer systems
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Genetic Resistances
- Heterozygous Advantage: like sickle cell and malaria; connection btwn diarrheas(dehydration) and cystic fibrosis; TB and Tay-Sachs; Black plague and AIDS
- Lethal in Homozygous form
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Colonialism and Disease
- Old World Diseases: due to animals
- New World lacked these animals
- Up to 90% of Indian community wipes out due to disease
- Exception: syphilis, chagas disease(Darwin had mild symptoms...20yrs later symptoms show up)
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Why Cities
- Disease, crime, overcrowding, pollution
- Bring goods to city, brings minds together, solve problems, protection
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Problems
- Lacck of Arable Land: overuse, paved over, salinization(salts in water accumulates)
- Warfare/Disputes: usually over land
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Human Diversity
- Human Variation: height, weight, skin color, eye color, hair color
- On a contimuum
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Categorization
- People categorize things: plants, animals, cars, music, etc.
- Each culture different
- Biological diversity categories vary
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Human Categorization
- European exploration: geographic exploration
- Linnaeus: tied to colors(first time skin color comes into play); white, black, red, yellow
- Blumenbach: used to promote slavery; hierarchy; Caucasian(to include western Asians and N.ern Africans); Mongolian; Malay; Ethiopian; American Indian; Ethnocentric ideas
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20th Century
- Challenge concept of race
- Franz Boas: critisized racial superiority claims; environment influences what is being seen; "Race and Progress" 1909 science; biological approach- effects of environment; looked at immigrant children and their head shape; immigrants and offspring
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Ashley Montagu
- 1905 - 1999
- Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race (1942)
- United Nations Statement on race (1950)
- Ethnic groups: use ethnicity not race; againt racism; no pure race
- Continuum: no sharp breaks; every trait in every population
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What is Race?
Subspecies?: gene flow btwn groups; population differing- geographic, morphological, genetic
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Traits
Discordant: passed down independently- eye color, hair color, skin color; black-blue eyes; white-brown eyes; dark-green eyes; many polygenetic; don't come together as a bundle
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Genetic Variation
- All traits found in all populations
- More variation inside a population than between populations
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Gene Flow
- Share same types of genes
- more differences in a pop. than between
- Abandon race for CLINE: a geographic distribution of traits; polytypic; polymorphic
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Skin Color Lines
- darker around equator in Africa and Australia
- not in NW long enough for adaptations
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Lactose Intolerance
- Also a cline
- Cultures that use milk, can break down lactose enzyme
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Blood Distribution
- A blood: stomach cancer, anemia, small pox
- O blood: ulcers, bubonic plague
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Brazilian Ethnic Groups
- race cultural
- 500 races: edu, money made, can change it
- Changable
- 38.5% consider themselves multi-racial
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U.S. Census
- Categories: white, black, NA, Asian, Pacific Islander; 2,000 added more races
- Mixed race individuals: 6.1 million in 2006; 2010- increase by 134%;can now check multiple boxes(self-identification)
- Hypodescent: % of minority, had to ID themsleves as that
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Medical Research
- Oversimplified categories
- No genetic distinctions
- Confuse social and biological factors: diet, religious restrictions; cultural norms
- Most diseases are biocultural
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Minority Distrust
- medical research conducted differently for minorities
- Tukegee Syphilis Study: U.S. public health; Alabama(1932-1972); understand syphilis in Af. Amer. men; with held treatment; did not inform infected individuals of infection
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Racism
- Doctine of superiority
- Dehumanize one group (appearance/intelligence)
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Consequences
- prejudice
- cruelty
- repression
- slavery
- mass murder
- genocide
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"Racial" Differences
Based on: culture, environment, IQ, cultural capabilities, physical abilities, growth and development
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Bio-Cultural Interplay
- Affect growth and development
- Disease: access to medical care, belief in treatment, diet
- Lactose intolerance: biological change- due to cultural influence- retain thrifty gene
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Thrifty Gene
Permits storage of fat: scarcity, foraging, based on glucose; diet of abundance causes problems- obesity, diabetes, heart disease
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Skin Color
- Thickness of skin
- Carotene- orange hands and feet
- Blood vessel reflection
- Melanin: produces coloration- controlled by multiple genes- sun exposure
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Skin Color Lines
- Dark skin: ancestral form- proved natural spf
- Light skin recent form
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Melanin
- Between epidermis and dermis
- having melanin, protects skin from sun
- dark skin = up to 15spf, sunburn/overheating, infection
- Sun exposure -> loss of iron -> anemia
- Vitamin D production
- Same # of cells, production varies
- Females have lighter skin than males- in all populations
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Dark Skin Advantages
- Active during day time
- Protection from sun
- Protect blood?
- Protect sweat glands?
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Cultural and Environmental Effects
- Environment: weather
- Culture: clothing, food
- Migration
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Bergmann's Rule
- Increase volume of body for heat production
- A stockier body
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Allen's Rule
- Limbs, ears, nose
- Longer in hot climate = cool down
- Shorter in cold climate = contain heat
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Other Physical Changes
- Thomson's nose rule: warm air
- Skull shape: elongated in hot, compacted in cold
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Four Environments:
- Hot
- Cold
- High Altitude- harshest to body
- Disease- most effective
- Adopt to these either faculatative, genetic, or cultural
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Adaptability and Adoption
- Genetic: least likely; a long time; Bergmann's and Allen's rule; parents of offspring; evolutionary forces- genetic drift, mutation, population changes
- Facultative or Acclimatization: physical changes; Short Term- happens in a persons lifetime; how individuals change, can be temporary(tan); Long Term- not passed on; can alter growth and development(big chest, catch up growth); Developmental- don't have them from birth, affected by environment
- Cultural: varies; change over time; day to day life; clothing; food; main form of adaptation; medicine
- Biocultural Interactions: ex) cold environment -> clothes to keep body temperature
- Secular Trends: differences in traits in different age groups
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Body Tissue Growth Curve
Body, growth spurts(2) affected by the environment
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Hot Environment
- Hot and Humid: ex) Amazon
- Hot and Dry: ex) desert, Savannah
- Equatorial Areas: both above
- Hyperthermia: overheating; heat stroke; need adaptations to regulate body temperature
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Hot and Dry vs. Hot and Humid
- Hot and Dry: cover up from sun, dark skin, short hair, wear sandals
- Hot and Humid: less clothing, lighter skin, longer hair, bare foot
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High Altitude
- 17,000-20,000ft
- A recent environment
- Harshest: on the human body, changes development, body adapts
- Lack of Oxygen: as much as 70% less than sea level, Peru, Himalaya Mountains
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Acclimatization
- Short Term: can occur in days; no major visible changes; increase carrying capacity of red blood cells; high altitude are dangerous for those with sickle cell anemia
- Long Term: increase size of chest cavity; "barrel chest"
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Cold Environment
- Arctic
- High Altitude- ex) Himalayas
- Glacial areas
- Hypothermia: body temp drops below 98.6 degrees
- Facultatice and Genetic Adaptations: Bergmann's and Allen's rules; hunting response(Lewis Waves)(prevent frost bite); vaso constriction- blood vessels get smaller; keep core warm; not sicklicle; goosebumps- left over from fur; create a barrier against the cold; shivering- produce short term heat; increased metabolism
- Cultural: diet- high in fat and protein(seals)(use every port); housing(igloo); fire/heating(seal oil); clothing(skins); times of activity(light hours)
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Disease
- Exposure to disease elements
- Death/infertitlity
- Most influential of all environments (found in every environment)
- Genetic: heterozygous advantage ex) sickle cell and malaria; cystic fibrosis and cholera/TB; black plague and HIV/AIDS
- Facultative: symptoms when sick; fever, coughing, pain, vomitting, sneezing, inflammation, morning sickness, anxiety
- Cultural
- Fight Disease: medicine, wash hands, sterilize, breast feeding, immunizations, vitamins
- Cause Disease: lack of hygiene, hand washing(not immune), overcrowding, malnutrition, living with animals, easily transmitted, use formula(no immune system), refuse immunizations
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Overcrowding
- Minimum space requirements: NY subway, Concentration camps, Black Hole of Calcutta
- Stress factors: problems getting food, lack of sanitation, privacy, anxiety issues, pollution, reduction of personal space, spread of infectious disease
- Classic Overcrowding study in rats: by J.C. Calhoun in 1962; allowed rat population to reach very high levels and noted adaptations- cessation of estrous cycle(stop ovulating and no periods), reduced litter #, decreased body weights, increase in cannibalism, male homosexuality, and size of the adrenal gland (cortex)
- Overall Adaptive Strategy: need to limit population size ex) China, Need to learn to live with conditions(develop a high stress tolerance), adapt to the stress
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Human Adaptations to Overcrowding
- Genetic: not many- relatively recent; may be selection for- ppl who adopt to stress better(type "B" individuals, type "A" are uptight), ppl who metabolize less palatable, poisonous, or toxic food stuffs(manioc- a root used in S. America and Africa that contains toxic levels of arsenic)
- Facultative: Short term acclimatizations- increase stress response, adrenaline and parathyroid hormones, increase sympathetic nervous sys. response- fight or flight, increase in heart rate and blood pressure; Long term acclimizations- increased miscarriages and still births, active immune system in response to disease, decreased fertility, decreased sperm, period abnormalties, increase infant mortality rate
- Developmental acclimatizations: slow growth rates- stress, malnutrition, disease, highly activated immune system, enlarged endocrine glands
- Cultural: approval of celibacy or gays, tolerance of crime, neuroses, psychoses, includes infantcide, abortion, birth control, selective breeding(polygyny), cultural taboos- limit pop. growth, prolonged breast feeding
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Additional Stressors
- Pollution
- Climate Change- sea level rising
- Depletion of natural resources
- Rapid change- in just past 100 yrs
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Medical Anthropology
- Medical System Analysis: sickness and health- defining in each culture, look to doctors, nurses, patients, across cultures, medical practitioners, possible treatments, prevention, how transmitted
- Across Cultures: different in every culture
- Use Evolutionary Theory: understand and improve human health, include political/economic/global forces, examine global movement of disease
- Epidemiology: understand rate of disease of population, occurrance, who it impacts
- Began Early 20th Century: many early anthropologists had medical training
- Brought Bias to Field: western medicine, field work changes this
- Less Ethnocentric: study across culturally
- Cultural Exchange: eastern medical practices examined- accupuncture, meditation, yoga, herbs
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Medical Anthropology Continued
- Disease: specific pathology- "interruption, cessation, or disaster of a body, system, or organ, structure, or function"; physical or biological abnormalties
- Illness: meanings given to particular physical states
- May not overlap
- Have Illmess without illness: ex) Munchhowsen disorder- make oneself sick on purpose
- Have disease without illness: ex) high blood pressure
- Don't Understand Biology of the Disease: alccoholism, create treatment, recognize it as illness, western medicine seeks biological explanation, non-western medicine may seek other explanations
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Epidemiology
- Quantitative study: occurrance and cause of disease, population based
- Broad-Scale Associations: look at the big picture
- Ill Health and Factors Associated With it: ex) tv cropping up = high pverty? high crowding?; originally to combat disease ---> now to prevent
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Rates
- Rates: event per population
- Mortality: probability of dying in a particular group- look at all deaths related to disease(only part of a pic)
- Incidence: new disease in a population in a particular time period
- Prevalence: number of cases of disease in a total population
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Incidence vs. Mortality (breast cancer example)
- More incidence whites, less mortality
- Less incidence blacks, higher mortality
- Occurs in older women (after menopause)
- In Males: more incidence now, but mortality had decreased
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Epidemiological Transitions
- Change in patterns of disease and mortality: hunters and gatherers = parasites
- Less developed countries: infectious diseases- no access to vaccinations
- Developed countries: chronic diseases- heart disease, cancer
- Three proposed: intro to ag. -> infectious disease(decreases overtime) -> chronic diseases(increase overtime)
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Evolutionary Approaches to Disease
- Biocultural approach: complex variables; evolutionary and cultural histories- anorexia nervosa = self starvation(cultural norms of thinness), non-western focused on not eating not on thinness
- Evolutionary: use natural selection concepts- defect = disease, defense = body's attempt to fight disease; pneumonia- cough ejects infectious material, darkening skin because blood not carrying enough oxygen; defenses developed to fight disease
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Biocultural Factors of Disease
- Affect life cycle
- Mode of transmission
- Environmental
- Cultural- ex) washing hands
- Catch up growth- due to lack of growth spurt
- Extreme environments
- Maintain homeostasis- balance, body function at normal level
- Delay Growth Spurts- from insult, ex) disease
- Pre and post-natal nutrition and care- basic vitamins and minerals; if lacking, biological stages prolonged or missed; premature birth, dental eruption time, pubertal onset
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Marasmus
- Low birth weight baby
- Chronically malnourished
- Depleted fat and muscle
- Hyper-alert and very hungry
- Look like wrinkled old man
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Kwashiorkor
- Apathy
- Swelling(edemal) of extremities, torso, and face
- Cracked, peeling, infection prone skin
- Unnaturally blonde, sparse hair
- Sudden food deprivation
- Natural or man made emergencies
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Biocultural Factors of Disease
Cross cultural variations: alter life cycle stages, nurse until 4 or 5(delay reproductive changes); marry and give birth early(8yr old child brides; require celibacy (a priest or nun)
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Ecology of Disease
- Organism within its environment: ex) malaria
- Learn transmission modes: prion disease- affects proteins of brain tissue; ex) mad cow disease; ex) Kuru- eat brain as death ritual; thought death was due to a sorceror
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Medical Pluralism
Multiple medical systems: (medical pluralism); use western, eastern, and local practices; different treatments and practices; incorporate local when introducing western medicine
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Health and Globalization
- Study Inequities
- Access to health care
- Exposure: malnutrition; overcrowding; violence, toxins
- Structural Violence: imposed by the gov't or ruling org.; repression(Hawaiians); environmental destruction; poverty; hunger; illness; premature death; health disparities
- Population Size: hunger, poverty, pollution, create health problems, 1 billion ppl malnourished; 6 million children 5 and under die of hunger
- Obesity in Industrial nations
- Working class most afffected: not active; healthy food is expensive
- First time children not expected to live as long as parents: less healthy than other industrailized nations
- Environmental toxins: affect the poor more -> interact with land; quality of drinking water
- Climate Change: deforestation, human activity, increase in disease
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Malaria
- not until ag. is introduced
- over 2 million deaths a year
- make stagnant pools of water
- increase in temperature--->places not seen; 50-80 million new cases; increase range to new areas
- S.E. Asia; S. America; Central Africa------> spread to surrounding countries
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