CHEN Exam Two

Cell - Nucleus - Chromosome - DNA - Gene

Provide the code for the instructions to produce proteins

Beer

Insulin 

The set of rules by which genetic material is translated into proteins 

• mRNA (messenger)
• tRNA (transfer)
• rRNA (ribosomal) 

Virus that reproduces inside of a bacteria 

modification of an organism by manipulation its genetic material 

DNA made in the lab

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences 

production of multiple copies of a DNA sequence 

produce millions of copies of DNA sequence to bypass need to use bacteria

Won Nobel Prize for improving PCR technique

Bacterium that lives in hot springs - an enzyme able to withstand protein killing conditions at high temperatures.

Used to identify children or heredity DNA fingerprinting

microorganism that causes disease 

Antibody Generator - triggers immune system response to create antibodies specific to the antigen

Immune systems way to identify and neutralize any bad stuff

Embryonic - all cell types

Get from embryos that are a week old or from blood in umbillical cord

Undifferentiated cells - specialized for certain organs

Very early pre-embreo

Using an adenovirus vector, DNA is injected and used to fight a disease

Premature STOP codon in the DNA

incorrect subtitution nucleotide where incorrect amino acid is produced in the DNA

double stranded - common cold virus

double stranded - HIV

clone antibodies that bond to the same epitope

 a somatic cell hybrid formed by fusion of normal lymphocytes and tumor cells

Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues

Bovine Growth Hormone

Inserts genes for transformation into plant cells using gold particles 

Currently, the three most widely used procedures for creating transgenic animals are microinjection of the cloned gene(s) into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, injection of recombinant embryonic stem cells into embryos, and the use of retroviruses.

Alzheimers 

entirety of organisms hereditary information

Single piece of DNA

DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance

DNA transcription is a process that involves the transcribing of genetic information from DNA to RNA.

Translation is the process through which cellular ribosomes manufacture proteins, in which messenger RNA (mRNA) is sequentially decoded bytransfer RNA

Nucleotides are biological molecules that form the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and serve to carry packets of energy within the cell (ATP)

a series of three adjacent bases in one polynucleotide chain of a DNA or RNA molecule, which codes for a specific amino acid.

no nucleus

has nucleus

A plasmid is a small DNA molecule that is physically separate from, and can replicate independently of, chromosomal DNA within a cell

The ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the primary site of biological protein synthesis.

capable of developing into a complete organism or differentiating into any of its cells or tissues

not fixed as to developmental potentialities; especially :capable of differentiating into one of many cell types

unspecialized cells that have the ability to: Self-renew for long periods of time and differentiate into specialized cells with specific functions

Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body.

is a genetic condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.

A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known asrestriction sites

Genetically Modified Organism

Pharming is a portmanteau of farming and "pharmaceutical" and refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO)