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Abraham Lincoln
President of the United States who assumed office shortly after the first southern states secede
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Jefferson Davis
Confederate leader from Mississippi
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William Seward
Lincoln's Secretary of State (opposed to Lincoln) who urged Lincoln to delay the E.P. until a major Union victory, denied Confederacy diplomatic recognition
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Salmon Chase
Lincoln's Treasury Secretary (opposed to Lincoln) who proposes a national banking system (Congress approves)
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Gideon Welles
Lincoln's Navy Secretary who originally opposed the Anaconda Plan but later implemented it very well; clashes often with Chase and Stanton
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Edwin Stanton
Lincoln's Secretary of War, prosecuted traitors and issued orders to arrest any disloyal persons, later locks himself in his office to prevent removal by President Johnson
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Ulysses Grant
became key general in the Union forces after proving himself by in Tennessee by capturing Forts Henry and Donelson (nearly lost at Shiloh Church), favored the "total war" strategy
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William Sherman
Union general who leads the "March to the Sea" from TN to Atlanta, destroys a wide area of land
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George McClellan
replaced McDowell as leader of Union forces, good organizer but not a good fighter, only moved toward Richmond (and lost) when Lincoln forced him to
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Stonewall Jackson
Confederate general who built his name by brave fighting at Bull Run
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Robert E. Lee
main general of the Confederacy from Virginia who believed that in order to win the war he would have to win in the North, hesistant to leave the Union at first
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Fort Sumter
installation in the Charleston, SC, harbor which was beseiged by the Confederacy (led by Beauregard) to start the war
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Bull Run (site of two battles)
location of the first real battle of the war as Union troops (led by McDowell) marched toward Richmond from Wash., DC - also known as Manassas Creek
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Antietam
first battle fought on Union soil, draw in tactical terms, though Lincoln feels compelled to release the EC afterwards
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Chancellorsville
battle in which the Confederacy wins despite having a force half of the Union's, Stonewall Jackson killed, Joseph Hooker (Union general) questioned (fired before Gettysburg)
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Vicksburg
decisive Union victory (by Grant) in Mississippi, helps divide the South into two, day after Gettysburg
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Chattanooga
Grant/Union victory in Tennessee that opens the way for General Sherman to make his way into the Deep South
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Sherman's March to the Sea
William Sherman's devastating "total war" between Atlanta and Savannah
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Appotmattox Courthouse
location in Virginia of the final battle of the war, where Confed. General Lee surrenders to Union General Grant
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Henri Jomini
military strategist who developed the "rush" technique of warfare, highly deadly and many Civil War generals use
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Anaconda Plan
strategy proposed by General Winfield Scott which would cut off the South's sea ports and use the Mississippi River to divide the South in two, as well as cut off supplies
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Plains Indians
migrant group of Natives who roam across wide areas in search of buffalo, violent in resistance to whites
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Populist Party
short-lived political group that represented Southern cotton farmers and Plains wheat farmers over big business
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Gettysburg
battle in Pennsylvania (Lee believes he has to win in the North), Pickett's Charge (Confed.) fails, Lincoln angered by Gen. Meade (replaced by Grant) not finishing Confed. off, Vicksburg in West follows three days later
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Cotton
cash crop the South believed would generate funds and foreign support, enabling them to have a chance at winning the war
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Women's role in the Civil War
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Charles Sumner
Senator (R-MA) who led the Radical Republican movement, defeated Andrew Johnson and inspired Congressional reconstruction
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Preston Brooks
Representative (D-SC) who supported slavery strongly and beat Sen. Sumner on the floor of the Senate with a cane
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Buffalo
motivating factor for the Indian tribes of the Great Plains to be in constant migration and US gov't wants to stop the Indians from moving
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2nd Great Removal
movement of Native Americans from the Southern areas to the Oklahoma Territory
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Tenancy
credit system where farmers promise to sell to a merchant in exchange for supplies (on credit), possible to come out ahead
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Sharecropping
farmers who get supplies (on credit) and promise half of profits to the landowner, the other half was usually to pay back the supplies
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States' Rights Philosophy
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Redemption
Democratic takeback of the Southern governments in 1870
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Williams v. Mississippi
SC case which allows states to charge poll taxes and administer literacy tests
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Homestead Act
law that grants families 160 acres for five years residency (or $1.25 after 6 months)
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Andrew Johnson
Democratic President who rejects the 14th Amendment and Radical Reconstruction, nearly impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act but saved by Sen. Edmund Ross
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Ex Parte Merryman
ruling by Taney that only Congress can suspend habeas corpus
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Roger Taney
Supreme Court Chief Justice who attempts to stop President Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus
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Deflation
food (ex. corn, wheat) prices in the post-war period drop dramatically due to a supply that is far too much for what the market needs
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Dawes Act
sets a path to discrimate against Native Indians by giving Natives 160 acres of land if they agreed to leave the reservation (or be forced off), it was believed this would cause Natives to adopt a settle, agricultural lifestyle
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Munn v. Illinois
SC case that upholds a state's right to regulatory bodies
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Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln's decree that frees all slaves in Confed.-controlled areas (not border states) and also allows blacks into the Union Army
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Freedmen's Bureau
government agency that rationed food, supported the homeless, maintained medical facilities and helped blacks get jobs and settle contracts (which normally favor whites)
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Vagrant (Vagrancy Act)
law allowing unemployed blacks to be jailed, fined or hired out (also regulations about manners and contract-breaking)
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Tenure of Office Act
law limiting the President's appointment/removal powers, used by Congress to protect Sec'y. Stanton
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National Farmer's Alliance
agriculture group that develops the Ocala Platform
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Henry Grady
vocal spokesman of the "New South" who urged diversification of crops and smaller farms
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Ocala Platform
plan developed by the National Farmers' Alliance that including the direct election of Senators and a reduction in the tariff, also desired was a nat'l bank controlled by the fed. gov't
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13th Amendment
prohibits slavery in the United States
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14th Amendment
defines equal citizenship, representation based on all voters, no Confed.'s allowed to hold office, and prohibits Confed. claims of damages; readmission to the Union based on ratification
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15th Amendment
prohibits the denial of the vote because of race or previous servitude (not sex)
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Compromise of 1877
allows for Hayes (R) to win the election and blacks to be respected in exchange for a withdrawal of all troops from the South and the construction of a Southern continental railroad
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Force Acts
three laws (including the KKK Act) allowing for the President to protect voters from violence and fraud
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Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican who won the electoral college in 1876 and enacted moderate reforms
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The New South
movement for the South to diversify from "King Cotton" and adopt smaller farms
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Omaha Platform
Populist Party's plan which reflected the views of the Knights of Labor and the National Farmers' Alliance
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Copperheads
Democrats who opposed the Civil War and preferred a peace settlement with the Confederacy
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Debt Peonage
system in which manual laborers in the South are tied to their land by accumulating debts through their failures in sharecropping and tenancy, a form of slavery
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Burke Act
allows Sec'y of the Interior to grant Indians full title to their land and citizenship before the twenty-five years described in the Dawes Act
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Wabash v. Illinois
SC decision to reverse Munn v. Illinois, making state regulatory bodies unconstitutional
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Booker T. Washington
black reformer who advocated moderate self-help and accepted the lowly position of blacks ("Atlanta Compromise"), founder of the Tuskeegee Institute, favorite of white entrepreneurs
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W.E.B. duBois
first black person to obtain a Ph.D. from Harvard who argued blacks must lead the liberation struggle in the USA and Africa, correctly predicted "the color line" would be the defining issue of the 20th Century, strong opponent of B.T. Washington, positive in regard to the Freedmens' Bureau
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Mississippi Plan
Democratic strategy of forming militias to incite riots and justify the killing of blacks; during elections, voter intimidation to vote Democratic
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Knights of Labor
incredibly widespread union that crumbled under racial and class tensions
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Plessy v. Ferguson
SC case that establishes "separate but equal" facilities don't violate 14th Amendment
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Granger Laws
misnomered legislation that sets maximum rates for grain elevators and railroads in IL, IA, WI, MN
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Atlanta Compromise
Booker T. Washington's acceptance of the lower social status of blacks in favor of cooperation, economic self help and Purtian values
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Waving the Bloody Shirt
Rep. Butler (R-MA) waives a falsely bloody shirt to show a carpetbagger injured by the KKK, Southerners use it to prove the 'false' accusations by the North
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KKK Act
legislation that makes secret organizations using coercion to deprive others of voting rights illegal
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Whiskey Ring
scheme in which tax revenues were siphoned off to corrupted government officials
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Dorothea Dix
Superintendent of Army Nurses who later helped improve asylums
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Southern Farmers' Alliance
advocated for the needs of Southern farmers by sending lecturers all across the South and Plains, supported cooperatives and the regulation of big business as well as the establishment of a nat'l banking system and more paper money
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Pap Singleton
black leader who believed blacks could never succeed in the white-dominated South, encouraged the development of Kansas for blacks and African colonies
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Black Codes
laws enacted by Southern state gov'ts (following elections of 1870) to restrict the rights of blacks (ex. intermarriage, alcohol, etc.)
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Jim Crow Laws
legalized informal segregation in public settings (schools/railroads first, then libraries, restaurants, parks, etc.)
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Ghost Dance
ritual promised to destroy white people by natural disaster by Paiute prophet Wovoka
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Interstate Commerce Commission
regulative body set up by the Interstate Commerce Act (following Wabash v. Illinois, state regulation ruled unconstitutional) which can prosecute lawbreakers and regulate some interstate commerce (like a "reasonable" railroad rate)
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Winfield Scott
developed the Anaconda Plan despite being very ill, ultimately resigned to McClellan in 1861
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The Alabama
raider ship that attacked Northern merchant vessels
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Orville Babcock
Army engineer who lated served as an assistant to President Grant, involved in both the Whiskey Ring and attempt to corner the gold market (1869)
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Ten percent plan
Presidet Lincoln's version of Reconstruction where 10% of each Confed. state had to swear alliegiance to the Union, accept emancipation, elect a state gov't and abolish slavery forever (LA, TN, AS use this method of re-entry)
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Wade-Davis Bill
strict Radical Republican plan to readmit states to the Union by forcing state legislators in Confederate states to take an ironclad oath, passes Congress but vetoed by Lincoln
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Jay Gould & Jim Fiske
two corrupt financiers who cornered the gold market resulting in the Black Friday of 1869
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Nature of the Union
stronger union of states with power nat'l gov't
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Nature of the Confederacy
loose collection of states with weak central government
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Native Americans during the Civil War
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Wounded Knee
massacre in which about 300 Sioux tribespeople are killed by Colonel James Forsyth and the US 7th Cavalry division, last battle of American Indian war
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Republican Party policies
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Samuel J. Tilden
Democratic nominee for President in 1876 who had brought down Boss Tweed as a civil reformer, wins popular vote, loses electoral college controversially
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Plains farmers
prefer controlled spaces (barbed wire) for crops and resent intrusions by cattle
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Cattle ranchers
need wide open spaces of land for cows grazing
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Ida B. Wells (Barnett)
first female editor of a major newspaper who launched an antilynching campaign in Memphis
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