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What are the four places respiration takes place throughout the body
- breathing
- external repiration
- internal respiration
- cellular respiration
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what are the 6 functions of repiration
- acts as passageway for respiration
- regulation of blood pH
- moistens and warms incoming air
- voice production
- olefaction
- protection
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defenses of the respiratory system
- mucus - entraps microorganisms
- cilia - push micro organisms and mucus up and out of respiratory tract
- cough reflexes
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what are the two divisions of the respiratory tract
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what are the components of the upper respiratory tract
- nose, nasal passagways
- pharynx
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what are the components of the lower respiratory tract
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi and bronchioles
- lungs
- alvioli
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Upper respiratory tract:
nose and nasal passages consist of?
- external nose
- nasal cavity
- hard palate : floor of the nasal cavity
- nasal septum : partition dividing cavity
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Upper respiratory tract: pharynx (3 regions)
- common opening for digestive and respiratory systems
- three regions are :
- nasopharynx - lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Mucus and debris is swallowed. openings of escuchian tubes. floor is the soft palate
- Oropharynx:
- lined with moist stratified epithelium
- laryngopharynx - lined with moist stratified epithilium
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Lower respiratory tract: larynx (4)
- unpaired cartilages
- thyroid: largest, adams apple
- cricoid: most inferior, base of larynx
- epiglottis: attached to thyroid and has a flap near the base of the tongue
- true vocal chords: sound production. Opening between is the glottis
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what are the functions of the larynx (4)
- maintain an open passageway for air movement: thyroid and cricoid cartilages
- epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx
- vocal folds are primary source of sound preduction
- the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium traps debris, preventing thier entry into the lower respiratory tract
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Lower respiratory tract: trachea functions (5)
- transports air to and fromn lungs
- membranous tube of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle
- supported by 15-20 hyaline cartilage C shaped rings open posteriorly
- posterior surface is elastic ligamentous membrane and bundles of smooth muscle called the trachealis
- contracts during coughing
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what does the tracheobronchial tree consist of
trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for the removal of debris
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what does the trachea divide into
two primary bronchi
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the primary bronchi devide into?
secondary bronchi (one/lobe)
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the secondary bronchi devide into ?
tertiary bronchi
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the tertiary bronchi define what?
bronchopulmonary segments
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the tertiary further devide into what?
bronchioles
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bronchioles then finally devide into what?
terminal bronchioles
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what is the respiratory zone?
site for gas exchange
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respitory bronchioles branch from where?
terminal bronchioles
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respiratory bronchioles have a lot of alveoli, True or False
false
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what does the respitory bronchioles give rise to?
aveolar ducts which have more alvioli
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alveolar ducts end as what
alveolar sacs
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are there cilia in the respiratory bronchioles?
no
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how is debris removed from the respiratory bronchioles
its removed by microphages
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where does the microphages move debris?
into nearby lymphacytes or into terminal bronchioles
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what are the 3 types of cells in the respiratory membrane
- Type 1 pneumocytes
- type 2 pnuemocytes
- dust cells
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Type 1 pneumocytes are made of what cells
thin squamous epithelium
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type 1 pneumocytes make up what percentage of the surface of alveolus
90%
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type 1 pneumocytes are responsible for
gas exchange
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Type 2 pneumocytes are made of what cells
round to cube shaped secretory cells
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type 2 pneumocytes are responsible for
producing surfactant
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what are the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane?
- alveolar epithelium (simple squamous epithelium)
- basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium
- basement membrane of the capillary endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
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what are the princapal organs of respiration?
lungs (2)
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the right lung is made up of ?
3 lobes seperated by fissures
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the left lung is made up of?
2 lobes and an indention called the cardiac notch
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what are the divisions of the lungs
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