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Sexual Assault
- sexual contact or activity that occurs w/o consent
- unwanted contact to forces intercourse
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rape
- unwanted sexual penetration of vagine, mouth, or anus by use of threat or force
- including forced penetration by objects
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incidence and prevalence of rape
- in 2009 89,000 women repoted rape
- most go unreported
- estimated there are 300,000-683,000 women raped in US each year
- difficult to assess occurrence due to
- -under-reporting, fear, shame, stigma, mistrust, variations in the way data is gathered and reported
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Feminist theory about rape
- rape is a tool used by men in our society to keep women submissibe and powerless
- goal of rape is power, dominance, and control
- rape is more prevelant in societies where women occupy a lower status than men
- Doubts:
- rape is widespread in animal kingdom
- rape occurs in all human cultures
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Evolutionary theory about rape
- rape is evolutionary strategy to increase reproductive success of low-status males
- in men's nature
- rapist may target attractive women that are in childbearing age
- Flaws:
- 1/3 of most rape victims are under the age of 11
- poor benefit-to-risk ratio
- doesnt account for rape of males
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Rape myths
- women want to be raped
- bring it upone themselves
- men who rape do so b/c they can't control sexual desires
- committed by psychopathic stranges
- only women can be raped
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Types of rape
- stranger
- acquaintance rape
- date rape
- partner rape
- gang
- statutory
- prison rape
- rape on campus
- drug, alcohol, and rape
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stranger rape
- 17% of rapes against women
- 23% of rapes against men
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acquantane and date rape
- uup to 86% of women raped by someone they know
- most not reported
- date rape is seen as lesser crime thant stranger rape, and victim is often blamed
- doesnt necessarily involve physical force
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sexual consent
- isnt usually given directly
- signals are nonverbal, vague, ambiguous, and easily misinterpreted
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partner rape
- 25% of rapes
- least likely to be reported and gets least response from law enforcement
- motives: domination and degradation
- women at risk if men veiw them as propery, has a violent realationship, pregnant or ill, seperated or divorced
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gang rape
- rape of single victim by group
- violent
- witnessed by others, and still may not be reported due to bystander effect
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statutory rape
- intercourse w/ someone who isn't a child, but is below age of consent
- which varies by state and ranges from 14-18
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rape in prison
- by inmates or staff
- 21% of prisoners reported being victims of coerced or forced sexual contacts
- underreported b/c of shame and fear
- usually about power, not sex
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rape on campus
- 1/4 of women will be raped in college
- many committed by fraternity members or athletes
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drugs, alcohol, and rape
- alcohol is one of the strongest predictors of acquaintance rape and sexual aggression
- impaired communication
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date rape drugs
- used to assist commission of a sexual assauly
- amnesiac, disinhibiting, and dissociative properties
- rohypnol, GHB, ketamine, Klonipin, Xanax
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who are the rapists?
- most are single men under 30 who know victim
- varies in motivation, personalitities, backgrounds, and psychological characteristics
- wants to gain power, control
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rapists treatments
- pschotherapy and group thereapy
- medications: temp castration, and antidepressants decrease sex drive
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who are the victims
- can be anyone
- native americans are significantly more likely to report rape
- 54-63% of rape victims are under 18
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effects on rape on survivors
- physically, emotionally, and psychologically shattering
- STI's and pregnancy
- depression and PTSD
- more likely to attempt suicide or have substance abuse
- no single rape syndrome: may experience anger, fear, humiliation, isolation and sexual dysfuncitons, puts sever stress on intimate relationships
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First rape laws
- man's property had been damaged
- wife was often punished with attaker
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rape-free societies
women treated w/ respect and there is little interpersonal violence
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rape-prone societies
- characterized by male dominance and interpersonal violence, especially toward women
- united state's gender roles and violence is one of highest among industrialized countries
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rape in the media
- many of the presentations support rape myths
- TV associates violence with passion
- films, rape is often eroticized
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Childhood sexual abuse CSA
- inappropriate sexual behavior between child and adult
- widespread, 20-25% of women nad 16% of men were sexually abused as children
- Incest 20-24% experience incest
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Characteristics of Child Sex Abusers
- many are trusted relatives, friends, or neighbors
- not all are pedophiles
- lower IQ
- poor social skills
- low self esteem
- more religious and conservative
- heterosexual males
- take advantage of victims innocence
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effects of abuse on Children and Adult survivors
- emotional, psychological, social, and sexual problems
- consequences are more serious if abuse goes on for a long period and involves a close relationship, such as a father or stepfather
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megan's law
- informal name for laws in U.S regarding registratin and public notification about sex offenders
- differ from state to state
- more than 674,000 on sex offender registries
- have trouble finding a job and buying house
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Intimate partner Violence IPV
- more thant 10% of US pop is hurt at home
- includes physical, sexual, mental, and economic abuse
- control
- accounts for 20% of nonfatal violent crimes against women and 3% against men
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Consequences of IPV
bruises, welts, burns, fractures
long term: increase risk of ill-health and psychological and behavioral problems: IBS, chronic pain, substance abuse, suicide and homicide, PTSD, eating disorders, anxiety
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Sexual Harassment
- unwanted sexual attentin that interferes with individual's basic right to employment or education; most widespread of all sexually coercive behaviors
- Quid pro quo type: compliance with unwanted sexual advances is required as condition of employment or advancement
- hostile environment: persistent inappropriate behaviors make workplace offensive and unbearable
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incidence os sexual harassmnet
- pervasive
- 40-60% of women affected
- most likely to occur against those whose job is non traditional for gender
- fewer than 10% of victims file formal complaints or initiate legal proceedings
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Sexual Harassment onf Campus
- 80% of incidents are peer-to-peer
- three main types
- 1. gender harassment (most common): sexually degrading or sexist remarks and behaviors
- 2.Unwanted sexual attention: inappropriate and offensive sexual comments, behaviors, or advances
- 3.Sexual bribery and imposition: promise of reward in return for sex
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Effects of Sexual Harassment on Victims
- healt, relationships, finances, and eduaction or career
- headaches, sleeplessness, depression, PTSD, anger, anxiety, guily, betrayal, and insecurity
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