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-algia
pain, painful condition
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dys-
bad, difficult, or painful
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-ectomy
surgical removal, cutting out
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hyper-
excessive, increased
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-
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-osis
abnormal condition, disease
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-ostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface
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-otomy
cutting, surgical incision
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-rrhage
bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge
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-rrhaphy
surgical suturing
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-
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-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
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-malacia
abnormal softening
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-stenosis
abnormal narrowing
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-centesis
a surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid
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-graphy
the process of producing a picture or record
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-gram
a picture or record
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-scopy
visual examination
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ad-
- toward
- to
- in the direction of
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super- or supra-
above or excessive
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athr/o
plaque or fatty substance
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sign
objective evidence of disease such as a fever
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symptom
subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache
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syndrome
set of the signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process.
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diagnosis
the identification of a disease
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differential diagnosis
- Also known as rule out
- An attempt to determine which one of several diseases can be causing the signs and symptoms that are present
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Prognosis
a prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disorder
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acute
rapid onset, a severe course, and a relatively short duration
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chronic
- long duration
- can be controlled but are rarely cured
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remission
the temporary, partial, or complete disappearance of the symptoms of a disease without having achieved a cure
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disease
a condition in which one or more body parts are not functioning normally
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eponym
disease, structure, operation, or procedure named for the person who discovered or described it first
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fissure
a groove or crack-like sore of the skin
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fistula
- an abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body
- may be due to surgery, injury, or the draining of an abscess
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ileum
the last and longest portion of the small intestine
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ilium
part of the hip bone
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inflammation
- a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues
- erythema (redness)
- hyperthermia (heat)
- edema (swelling)
- pain
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laceration
a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut wound
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lesion
a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
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mucous
describes the specialized membranes that line the body cavaties
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mucus
the name of the fluid secreted by mucous membranes
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myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
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palpation
an examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistencym and location or certain body parts
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palpitation
a pounding or racing heart
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supination
the act of rotating the arm os that the palm of the hand is forward or upward
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suppuration
the formation or discharge of pus
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triage
the medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority of need and the proper place of treatment
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Viral
pertaining to a virus
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virile
having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male
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abdominocentesis
the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid
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angiography
a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
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arteriosclerosis
abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries
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arthralgia
pain in one or more joints
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colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
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dermatologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin
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diarrhea
the abnormally frequent flow of watery or loose stools
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endarterial
pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery
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gastralgia
stomach pain (stomachache)
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gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
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gastroenteritis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
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gastrosis
any disease of the stomach
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hemorrhage
the loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time
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hepatomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the liver
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hypertension
the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
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hyptotension
lower than normal arterial blood pressure
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infection
invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism
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interstitial
between but not within the parts of a tissue
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intramuscular
within the muscle
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malaise
a feeling of general discomfort often the first indication of an infection or disease
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mycosis
any abnormal condition or discharge caused by a fungua
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myelopathy
any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord
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myopathy
any pathologic change or disease of a muscle tissue
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myorrhexis
ther rupture or tearing of a muscle
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natal
pertaining to birth
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neonatology
the study of newborns
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neurorrhaphy
surgically suturingtogether the ends of a severed nerve
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otorhinolaryngology
study of the ears, nose, and throat
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ploiomyelitis
a viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord
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pyoderma
any acute, inflammatory, pus forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo
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tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsills
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caud/o
lower part of the body
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end- endo-
in, within, inside
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path/o or -pathy
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
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plas/i, plas/o, or -plasia
development, growth, formation
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poster/o
behind, toward the back
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-stasis or -static
control, maintenance of a constant level
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Anatomy
the study of the structures of the body
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Physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
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vertical plane
an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon
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sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
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midsagittal
- the midline
- the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
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frontal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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horizontal plane
a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon
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transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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Ventral
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body
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Dorsal
refers to the back of the organ or body
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anterior
situated in the front or the front/forward part of an organ
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posterior
situated in the back or the back part of an organ
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superior
uppermost, above, or toward the head
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inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
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caudal
toward the lower part of the body
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proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
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Distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
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medial
ther direction toward, or nearer, the midline
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lateral
the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body
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Homeostasis
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
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abdominal cavity
contains primarily the major organs of digestion
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pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
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inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
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peritoneum
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
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parietal peritoneum
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
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mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
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visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
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cytology
the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
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cytologist
a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
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cell membrane
the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment
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cytoplasm
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
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nucleus
which is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell
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stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell divison
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gene
a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
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genetics
the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes
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genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
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chromosomes
genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
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genetic mutation
a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
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genetic disorder
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
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cycstic fibrosis
a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
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Down syndrome
a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
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Hemophilia
a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
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Huntington's disease
- a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child.
- Causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
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Muscular dystrophy
a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
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Phenylketonuria
a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
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Tay-Sachs disease
a fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells in the brain
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tissue
a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
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epithelial tissues
form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
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Epithelium
the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer
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Endothelium
the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
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Connective tissues
support and connect organs and other body tissues
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Dense connective tissues
such as a bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
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Adipose tissue
provides protective padding, insulation, and support
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Loose connective tissue
surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
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Liquid connective tissues
blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
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Aplasia
the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
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hypoplasia
is the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
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Anaplasia
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
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Dysplasia
the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
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Hyperplasia
the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells n the tissues
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Hypertrophy
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues
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gland
a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
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exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
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endocrine glands
- which produce hormones, do not have ducts
- hormones are secreted into the bloodstream
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Adenitis
the inflammation of a gland
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Adenocarcinoma
a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
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adenoma
a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue
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Adenomalacia
the abnormal softening of a gland
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adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
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adenosclerosis
the abnormal hardening of a gland
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adenectomy
the surgical removal of a gland
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pathology
the study of a disease
-
pathologist
specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
-
etiology
the study of the causes of diseases
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pathogen
disease producing microorganism such as a virus
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communicable disease
- contagious disease
- any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects
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Indirect contact transmission
refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated substance
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Bloodborne transmission
the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood
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Airborne Transmission
occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze
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Food-borne and waterborne transmission
caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly trated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present
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Vector-borne transmission
the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector
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epidemiologist
a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population or group
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endemic
refers to the ongoing presence of a diesease within a population, group, or area
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epidemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
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Pandemic
an outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
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functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
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iatrogenic illness
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
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idiopathic disorder
an illness without known cause
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infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
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nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
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organic disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectablephysical changes in the body
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developmental disorder
- birth defect
- can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
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anomaly
deviation from what is regarded as normal
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atresia
describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
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geriatrics
medical problems and care of older people is known as geriatrics
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general practitioner
- family practice physician
- provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
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internist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related blood systems
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pediatrician
a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
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geriatrician
a physician who specializes in the care of older people
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hospitalist
focuses on general medical care of hospitalized patients
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A & P
Anatomy and Physiology
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DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
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ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff
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chondr/i or chondr/o
cartilage
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-desis
to bind or tie together
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lord/o
curve, swayback, bent
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-lysis
loosening or setting free
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oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
bone
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spondyl/o
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
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synovi/o or synov/o
synovial membrane
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periosteum
the tough fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
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compact bone
the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
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Spongy bone
- lighter and not as strong as compact bone
- commonly found on the ends and inner portions of long bones
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medullary cavity
the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone
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endosteum
the tisue that lines the medullary cavity
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red bone marrow
- located in the spongy bone
- manufactures RBC, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
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Hemopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
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cartilage
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a schock absorber between bones
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Articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
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meniscus
the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints (such as the knee)
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diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
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epiphysis
the wider ends of long bones
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foramen
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
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process
a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
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Joints
- articulations
- the place of union between two or more bones
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Fibrous joints
consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together
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fontanelles
- soft spots
- present on the skull of a newborn
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Cartilaginous joints
allow slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
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synovial joint
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
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synovial capsule
the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
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synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
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synovial fluid
- flows within the synovial cavity
- acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
-
Ligaments
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
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bursa
a fibrous sace that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
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axial skeleton
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
-
appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
-
external auditory meatus
the opening of the external auditory canal
-
auditory ossicles
the three tiny bones located in the middle ear
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manubrium
the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
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body of the sternum
the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
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xiphoid process
the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
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lamina
the posterior portion of the spinal column
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Types of vertebrae
- Cervical (C1 - C7)
- Thoracic (T1 - T12)
- Lumbar (L1 - L5)
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
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popliteal
posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
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cruciate ligaments
make it possible to move the knee
-
malleolus
a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula to the sides of the ankle joint
-
talus
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
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calcaneus
known as the heel bone
-
chiropractor
doctor that specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from the misalignment of the spine
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orthopedic surgeon
a physician that specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
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osteopath
uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
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podiatrist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
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rheumatologist
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders of the foot
-
Ankylosis
the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
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Arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints
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bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
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chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
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chondroma
slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells
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costochondritis
an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
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Hallux valgus
- bunion
- an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
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Hemarthrosis
Blood within a joint
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Polymyalgia rheumatica
a geriatric inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs
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Sprain
the wrenching or tearing of a ligament
-
Synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
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Dislocation
the total displacement of a bone from its joint
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Subluxation
ther partial displacement of a bone from its joint
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Arthritis
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
-
Osteoarthritis
- wear-and-tear arthritis
- characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage
-
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Spondylosis
Spinal osteoarthritis
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Gouty arthritis
deposits of uric acid in the joints
-
Rheumatoid arthritis
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
-
Ankylosing Spondylitis
a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
-
herniated disk
breaking apart of an intevertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
-
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Spondylolisthesis
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebra or sacrum
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Spina bifida
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
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Kyphosis
an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
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Lordosis
an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the the lumbar spine
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Scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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Craniostenosis
a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of cranial sutures
-
Fibrous dysplasia
a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue
-
-
osteitis
an inflammation of bone
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Osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bones in adults
-
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
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Osteonecrosis
the death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply
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Paget's disease
- bone disease of unknown cause
- characterized by the breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
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Periostitis
- inflammation of the periosteum
- shin splints
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Short stature
Condition resulting from the failure of bones of the linbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
-
talipes
also known as club foot
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Primary bone cancer
malignant tumor that originates in the bone
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Secondary bone cancer
tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs
-
myeloma
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow
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osteochondroma
a benign bony projection covered with cartilage
-
Osteoporosis
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity
-
Osteopenia
thinner-than-average bone density
-
Compression fracture
occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
-
Colle's fracture
- fractured wrist
- occurs when someone tries to stop a fall by landing on his/her hands
-
Osteoporotic hip fracture
usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall
-
-
closed fracture
- simple fracture
- no open wound in the skin
-
open fracture
- compound fracture
- open wound in the skin
-
comminuted fracture
the bone is splintered or crushed
-
greenstick fracture
the bone is bent and only partially broken
-
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
-
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
-
spiral fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
-
stress fracture
- an overuse injury
- develops a small crack in the bone
-
transverse fracture
occurs straight across the bone
-
fat embolus
form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
-
Crepitation
the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
-
callus
a bulging deposit around the area of the break after it heals
-
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arthroscopy
the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
-
bone marrow biopsy
a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a blood test
-
magnetic resonace imaging
- MRI
- used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
-
Bone density testing
used to determine losses or changes in bone density
-
ultrasonic bone density testing
a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
-
Dual x-ray absorptiometry
a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
-
allogenic bone marrow transplant
healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor
-
autologous bone marrow transplant
the patient receives their own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patients body is destoryed
-
orthtic
a mechanical appliance that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
-
prosthesis
a substititute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated
-
Arhtrodesis
the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder
-
Arthrolysis
the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
-
arthroscopic surgery
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
-
Chondroplasty
the surgical repair of damaged cartilage
-
Synovectomy
the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
-
viscosupplementations
injections used to add a preparation of hyaluronic acid and related compounds to a joint, easing friction and making movement easier
-
arhtroplasty
surgical replacement of an artificial joint
-
total knee replacement
means that all of the parts of the knee were replaced
-
partial knee replacement
a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced
-
Hip resurfacing
a metal cap is placed on the head of the femur
-
Revision surgery
the replacement of a worn or failed implant
-
percutaneous diskectomy
suction or vaporization of the ruptured disck
-
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
boone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
-
laminectomy
the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
-
Spinal fusion
a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae
-
Osteoclasis
the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
-
Osteorrhaphy
the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones
-
Osteotomy
the surgical cutting of a bone
-
periosteotomy
an incision through the periosteum of the bone
-
closed reduction
attempted realignment of a bone by manual force then immobilization
-
traction
pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal allignment
-
-
-
-
-
-
PKR
Partial knee replacement
-
PMR
polymyalgia rheumatica
-
-
THA
total hip arthroplasty
-
TKA
total knee arthroplasty
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