Med Terms Exam

pain, painful condition

bad, difficult, or painful

surgical removal, cutting out

excessive, increased

deficient

inflammation

abnormal condition, disease

the surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface

cutting, surgical incision

surgical repair

bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge

surgical suturing

flow or discharge

rupture

abnormal hardening

pain

blue

red

white

black

gray

enlargement

abnormal softening

tissue death

abnormal narrowing

a surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid

the process of producing a picture or record

a picture or record

visual examination

• away from
• negative
• absent

• toward
• to
• in the direction of

right side

left side

• out of 
• outside
• away from

• in
• into
• not
• without

• large
• abnormal size
• long

small

• large
• great

• scanty
• few

before

after

between or among

within or inside

• under
• less
• below

above or excessive

the study of

larynx or throat

nose

ear

stone

appendix

artery

plaque or fatty substance

joint

objective evidence of disease such as a fever

subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache

set of the signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process.

the identification of a disease

• Also known as rule out
• An attempt to determine which one of several diseases can be causing the signs and symptoms that are present

a prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disorder

rapid onset, a severe course, and a relatively short duration

• long duration
• can be controlled but are rarely cured

the temporary, partial, or complete disappearance of the symptoms of a disease without having achieved a cure

a condition in which one or more body parts are not functioning normally

disease, structure, operation, or procedure named for the person who discovered or described it first

a groove or crack-like sore of the skin

• an abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body
• may be due to surgery, injury, or the draining of an abscess

the last and longest portion of the small intestine

part of the hip bone

• a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues
• erythema (redness)
• hyperthermia (heat)
• edema (swelling)
• pain

a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut wound

a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury

describes the specialized membranes that line the body cavaties

the name of the fluid secreted by mucous membranes

fungus

bone marrow or spinal cord

disease

muscle

specialist

an examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistencym and location or certain body parts

a pounding or racing heart

renal pelvis

pus

fever or fire

the act of rotating the arm os that the palm of the hand is forward or upward

the formation or discharge of pus

the medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority of need and the proper place of treatment

wound or injury

pertaining to a virus

having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male

the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid

a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium

abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries

pain in one or more joints

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin

the abnormally frequent flow of watery or loose stools

swelling

pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery

stomach pain (stomachache) 

inflammation of the stomach

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

any disease of the stomach

the loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time

abnormal enlargement of the liver

the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

lower than normal arterial blood pressure

invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism

between but not within the parts of a tissue

within the muscle

a feeling of general discomfort often the first indication of an infection or disease

any abnormal condition or discharge caused by a fungua

any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord

any pathologic change or disease of a muscle tissue

ther rupture or tearing of a muscle

pertaining to birth

the study of newborns

surgically suturingtogether the ends of a severed nerve

study of the ears, nose, and throat

a viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord

any acute, inflammatory, pus forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo

heartburn

inflammation of the tonsills 

gland

fat

before, front

lower part of the body

head

cell

in, within, inside

out of

tissue

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

development, growth, formation

behind, toward the back

control, maintenance of a constant level

the study of the structures of the body

the study of the functions of the structures of the body

an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

• the midline
• the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body

refers to the back of the organ or body

situated in the front or the front/forward part of an organ

situated in the back or the back part of an organ

uppermost, above, or toward the head

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

toward the head

toward the lower part of the body

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

ther direction toward, or nearer, the midline

the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

contains primarily the major organs of digestion

the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen

lower back

belly button

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

behind

the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

a specialist in the study and analysis of cells

the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment

the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

which is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell divison

a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes

complete set of genetic information of an organism

genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell

a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems

a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

• a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. 
• Causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife

a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement

a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

a fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells in the brain

a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer

the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

support and connect organs and other body tissues

such as a bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body

provides protective padding, insulation, and support

surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue

is the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells n the tissues

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues

a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

• which produce hormones, do not have ducts
• hormones are secreted into the bloodstream

the inflammation of a gland

a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

tumor

cancer

a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

the abnormal softening of a gland

any disease or condition of a gland

the abnormal hardening of a gland

the surgical removal of a gland

the study of a disease

specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis

the study of the causes of diseases

disease producing microorganism such as a virus

• contagious disease
• any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects

refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated substance

the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood

occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze

caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly trated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present

the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector

a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population or group

refers to the ongoing presence of a diesease within a population, group, or area

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

an outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

an illness without known cause

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

produces symptoms caused by detectablephysical changes in the body

• birth defect
• can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe

deviation from what is regarded as normal

describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular

medical problems and care of older people is known as geriatrics

• family practice physician 
• provides ongoing care for patients of all ages

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related blood systems

a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children

a physician who specializes in the care of older people

focuses on general medical care of hospitalized patients

Anatomy and Physiology

Communicable disease

chromosome

deoxyribonucleic acid

epidemic

general practitioner

Huntington's disease

left lower quadrant

left upper quadrant

phenylketonuria

right lower quadrant

right upper quadrant

crooked, bent, stiff

cartilage

rib

to bind or tie together

bent, hump

curve, swayback, bent

loosening or setting free

bone

curved bent

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

synovial membrane

singular noun ending

the tough fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones

• lighter and not as strong as compact bone
• commonly found on the ends and inner portions of long bones

the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone

the tisue that lines the medullary cavity

• located in the spongy bone
• manufactures RBC, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

formation

smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a schock absorber between bones

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints (such as the knee)

the shaft of a long bone

the wider ends of long bones 

an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

• articulations
• the place of union between two or more bones

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together

• soft spots
• present on the skull of a newborn

allow slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

• flows within the synovial cavity
• acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible

are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage

a fibrous sace that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction

protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

the opening of the external auditory canal

the three tiny bones located in the middle ear

the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

the posterior portion of the spinal column

• Cervical (C1 - C7)
• Thoracic (T1 - T12)
• Lumbar (L1 - L5)
• Sacrum
• Coccyx

hip joint

posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located

make it possible to move the knee

a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula to the sides of the ankle joint

the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

known as the heel bone

doctor that specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from the misalignment of the spine

a physician that specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles

uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders of the foot

the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

stiffness of the joints

inflammation of a bursa

abnormal softening of cartilage

slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells

an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

• bunion
• an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

Blood within a joint

a geriatric inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

the wrenching or tearing of a ligament

inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint

the total displacement of a bone from its joint

ther partial displacement of a bone from its joint

inflammatory condition of one or more joints

• wear-and-tear arthritis
• characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage

bone spurs

Spinal osteoarthritis

deposits of uric acid in the joints

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

breaking apart of an intevertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

low back pain

the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebra or sacrum

a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine

an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the the lumbar spine

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of cranial sutures

a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue

pain in a bone

an inflammation of bone

abnormal softening of bones in adults

inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

the death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply

• bone disease of unknown cause
• characterized by the breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation

• inflammation of the periosteum
• shin splints

Condition resulting from the failure of bones of the linbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk

also known as club foot

malignant tumor that originates in the bone

tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs

a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow

a benign bony projection covered with cartilage

a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity 

thinner-than-average bone density

occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

• fractured wrist
• occurs when someone tries to stop a fall by landing on his/her hands

usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall

broken bone

• simple fracture
• no open wound in the skin

• compound fracture
• open wound in the skin

the bone is splintered or crushed

the bone is bent and only partially broken

occurs at an angle across the bone

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

• an overuse injury
• develops a small crack in the bone

occurs straight across the bone

form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

a bulging deposit around the area of the break after it heals

xray

the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a blood test

• MRI
• used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints

used to determine losses or changes in bone density

a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass

a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor

the patient receives their own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patients body is destoryed

a mechanical appliance that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function

a substititute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated

the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder

the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint

the surgical repair of damaged cartilage

the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint

injections used to add a preparation of hyaluronic acid and related compounds to a joint, easing friction and making movement easier

surgical replacement of an artificial joint

means that all of the parts of the knee were replaced

a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced

a metal cap is placed on the head of the femur

the replacement of a worn or failed implant

suction or vaporization of the ruptured disck

boone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column

the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra

a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae

the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones

the surgical cutting of a bone

an incision through the periosteum of the bone

attempted realignment of a bone by manual force then immobilization

pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal allignment

Bone density testing

closed reduction

Fracture

osteoarthritis

osteoporosis

Partial knee replacement

polymyalgia rheumatica

rheumatoid arthritis

total hip arthroplasty

total knee arthroplasty