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Describe Afferent vs. Efferent
Afferent: Body to Brain
Efferent: Brain to Body
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Describe Spinothalamic
Crude touch, pressure, pain, temp
Anterior / Lateral
Both cross in spinal cord
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Describe the Dorsal Column
Touch, Pressure, Proprioception (joint sense)
Located in posterior white column
Crosses in the midbrain
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Describe Sprinocerebellar Track
Unconscious Proprioception
Proprioception from Golgi tendon
Organs, joint capsule, muscle spindler
ATAXIC Gait with problem in cerebellum
2 division posterior (does not cross) anterior (does)
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Describe Efferent Pathways
Reticulospina - Locomotion and reflexes (spine to reticular formation)
Tectospino - visual tracking (CN2)
Rubospinal - upper limb muscle tone
**Corticospinal - motor to all muscles (Extra Pyramidal System) Pyramidal decussation**
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Describe Sensory vs Motor
Map of the pathway
Look at bottom in the spinal cord
If arrows moving in and up (sensory)
If arrows moving down and out (motor)
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Describe Mechanoreceptors
Pressure, touch, vibration
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Describe Thermoreceptors
Temperature
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Describe Nociceptor
Pain, respond to substance "P"
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Describe Proprioceptors
Joint position sense
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Pathology of Olfaction
- Anosmia
- Lack of smell
- Damaged CN1
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Pathology of Vision
- Blindness
- Color Blindeness (can't determine red/green)
- Retina Pigmentosa (everything looks white)
- Nyctalopia (night blindness due to lack of rods)
- Farsightedness (inablility to see close up)
- Nearsightedness (inability to see far)
- Glaucoma (increased interaocular pressure and blockage of Canal of Schlemm)
- Macular Degeneration (diabetes)
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Pathology of Gustation
Lack of taste (dysguesia)
PTC: Phenythialcarbamide (everything tastes bitter)
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Pathology of Hearing
Deafness
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Pathology of the Vestibular Sense
Vertigo (dizziness)
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Activated by Sensory
Anything to get impulse on the nerve
- activated by secondary messengers
- MC: cAMP secondary messenger
sound (external auditory meatus) -> tempanic membrane -> malleous, incus, stapes -> organ of corti
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Melanin
Gives eye its color
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Describe Rods
- Might vision
- derivative of vitamin A
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Describe Cones
- Colored vision
- Visible spectrum
- Visible: ROYGBV (red, g=orange, yellow,green,blue, violet
- Red cones (red,orange,yellow)
- Green cones (some yellow and green)
- Blue cones (blue and violet)
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Eye
- Snellen eye chart (visual acuity)
- 20/20 = normal
- 20/15
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Taste
Sweet and sour (anterior 2/3 of tongue CN7)
Bitter (posterior 1?3 of tongue CN9)
Umami (anything pleasent tasting) no CN
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Balance
- CN8
- Semicircular ducts (fluid)
- Otoliths (ear stones)
- Tells us direction of head
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