CDE FC 2

Unintentional or incidental injury or damage to persons or objects that would not be lawful military targets in teh circumstances ruling at the time. Such damage is not unlawful so long as it is not excessive in light of the overall military advantage anticipated from the attack.

• The Law of War requires reasonable precautions to ensure only legitimate military objects are targeted.
• It supports our national values.
• It reduces strategic risk and maintains international and domestic support for our missions.
• It reduces post-combat operational requirements.
• It's the right thing to do.

Commanders are charged with the inherent responsible take all reasonable actions to minimize and mitigate collateral effects.

• Distinction
• Proportionality
• Military Necessity
• Unnecessary Suffering

• Mission Completion
• Force Protection
• Collateral Damage

• Reduced domestic and international support
• More restrictive ROE
• Prolonged post-combat reconstruction
• Early termination of operations

A logical framework that describes and enables a process, supported by empirical JMEM data, to estimate and mitigate collateral effects.

It is applicable to joint targeting and indirect fires at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of war.

• It does not limit or supercede his ability to respond to time-sensitive targets.
• It does not relieve him of his inherent right of self defense.

CDE can apply at the tactical level as well as at the operational level.

• CDE 1: Initial Analysis
• CDE 2: PGM General Analysis
• CDE 3: Weaponeering Analysis
• CDE 4: Refined Analysis
• CDE 5: Casualty Analysis

• It supports the identification and management of risk.
• It support decision making.
• Its outputs support the STAR process.
• It establishes policy guidance.

Those targets for which planned actions warrant the Secretary of Defense or President of the United States' review and approval.

• OPLAN/CONPLAN
• OPORD
• EXORD
• ROE

• High collateral damage or collateral effect.
• Adverse political ramifications.
• Environmental harm or hazard.
• Adverse public sentiment.

• Sensitive Target Approval and Review.
• CJCSI 3122.06

Non-combatant persons or objects defined by LOW and/or ROE that are not lawful military targets in the circumstances ruling at the time.

Collateral objects include both physical and abstract objects whose damage or destruction would produce a disproportionate effect on the non-combatant population.

• Category 1: Most Sensitive
• Category 2: Less Sensitive

A list of all identified ojbects within a specified geographic area functionally characterized as non-combatant / civilian in nature.

They are functionally identified within the Modernized Integrated Database (MIDB) by category code (CATCODE).

• For each assigned AOR Country (Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) or Guidance for the Employment of Force (GEF)).
• For each OPLAN / OPORD in the AO.

• To support and assist COCOMs with No-Strike List development.
• To validate NSL additions.

• They must be geospatially defined as distinct facilities.
• They must be treated as collateral objects.

• They must be reclassified as a valid target and removed from the No-Strike List.
• They require ROE authorization.
• They must be classified as dual-use.

Restricted Targets are valid military targets on which the Combatant Commander has restricted or limited effects based on operational, political, intelligence gain or loss, CDE, or other considerations.

Combatant Commanders are responsible to produce a Restricted Target List for each OPLAN / OPORD.

• Restricted targets that are limited from attack.
• No-Strike Entities are not targets.

Targets characterized as having both a military and civilian purpose or function.

In the ROE

All occupants of a dual-use structure are characterized as non-combatant casualties.

• When it is occupied by enemy combatants for the purpose of advancing military objectives.
• These are not considered dual-use structures.

Commanders are responsible to determine to predominant functionality of protected structures based on current intelligenc, guided by or considering the current operational ROE.

Human Shields are non-combatant personnel intentionally placed around a valid military target to hinder attack of that target.

• Voluntary (not accounted for in CE)
• Involuntary (must be accounted for in CE)

They are to treated as protected persons or collateral objects.

• To identify and track Human Shields
• To take steps to mitigate the effects of combat on these individuals.
• To account for them in Casualty Estimation

• Incorrect identification (PID) 
• Weapon malfunction 
• Conscious decision

• Correct PID
• TLE
• CEP

• Environment (Location, Description)
• Function (Function, Activity, or Purpose)

• The difference between actual target location and perceived target location.
• A radius defining a circle repesenting mean error (50%).
• CDE methodology uses TLE90.

• Acquisition system (Man or Machine)
• Geo-spatial reference system

• The inherent errors in a weapon guidance or delivery system that cause the impact point to differ from the aim point.
• A radius defining a circle within which 50% of weapons will impact.
• CDE methodology uses CE90.

• PGM: Weapon guidance system
• ASUGM / SSBM: Delivery platform / system

Ballistic

• Range error is normally double deflection error.
• Deflection error is normally half range error.

In range.

• Personnel: Fragmentation / Debris/Ejecta
• Structures: Blast

• 20ft/6m for PGM, ASUGM and SSBM-Predicted
• 450ft/137m for SSBM-Observer Adjust

TLE90 and CEP90

• Unitary Warhead: TE90 + WCER
• Cluster Warhead: TE90 + WCER + Sub-Munition Pattern Radius

• Fragmentation: 1, 2A, 3A(U), 3B, 3C
• Debris/Ejecta: 3A(M)
• Blast (blunt force against occupants): 4A, 4B, 4C

Delivery Heading

• Can I positively identify the object or person I want to attack as a legitimate military target authorized by the current ROE?
• Are there colalteral objects/persons or significant environmental concerns within the effects range of the weapon I would like to use?
• Can I mitigate damage to those collateral concerns by attacking with a different weapon or method of engagement, yet still accomplish my mission?
• If not, how many non-combatants do I think will be injured/killed?
• Are the collateral effects of my attack excessive in relation to the xpected military advantage gained, and do I need to call my higher commander for permission to attack this target based on the ROE in effect?

8

• Dual Use
• Plume Hazard
• Evironmental Hazard

• 1. Highest CDE level
• 2. Most restrictive weaponeering
• 3. Delay fuzing
• 4. Nearest collateral concern
• 5. Most sensitive function
• 6. Most restrictive heading

• DTRA: CBR Plume analysis (HPAC)
• NAVO: Above grade water analysis
• NCMI: Health risk analysis

• Circular (default) - from the edge of the sheaf
• Linear - from the edge of the sheaf
• Converged - from the aimpoint

• U/RGM-109D Tomahawk (TLAM)
• M26A2 ER-MLRS >1/2 max range

• Short side (Rectangle) Method
• Circule Method
• Segment Method

• Delay Fuze: Blast, Frag, Thermal
• VT/Air Burst: Blast, Ejecta/Debris
• Shielding: All
• Deliver Heading: Frag
• Offset Aimpoint: Frag, Blast, Ejecta/Debris

Mitigation techniques employed are conditional on target presentation.

When it is a multiple warhead delivery.

• Penetration
• Thermal (Fire, Heat)
• Blast (Overpressure, Ejecta/Debris)
• Fragmentation
• Cratering
• CBR

• PGM: Away
• ASUGM: Parallel

• U/RGM-109D Tomahawk (TLAM)
• M39A1 ATACMS

• Case 1: The target is the hazard (CDE 5).
• Case 2: The target is not the hazard, but can't be mitigated (CDE 5).
• Case 3: The target is not the hazard and can be mitigated (Continue with tables).

• Treat as Cat 1 (Most Sensitive)
• Class as 'outdoor extensive'
• Determine pattern of life

• Level 1: 10% Personnel vs. Frag
• Level 2A: 10% Personnel vs. Frag
• Level 3A(U), 3B, 3C: 10% Personnel vs. Frag
• Level 3A(M): 10% Personnel vs. Ejecta/Debris
• Level 4A, 4B, 4C: 1% Structure vs. Blast

Treat as 'outdoor'

• Cat 2 (Less Sensitive)
• Unknown structure type
• CDE 5 Low

• Cluster munitions, ICM
• RAP, Extended range artillery, mortar, Naval guns

Must be at least 30°, less then 180°

• Treat as roads
• Ignore if under 3m in width

• Oak Ridge National Laboratories
• Approved by COCOM
• Based on Functional use

It is always 1.0 unless the object is an indoor concern in the outer anulus.

(Affected Square Footage/1000) * Population Density * Casualty Factor

When any collateral object is outdoor and within the CDE Level 3 Collateral Hazard Area, the CDE call will be CDE 5.

• Surface-to-surface direct fire or air-to-surface direct fire <= 105mm.
• Weapon malfunctions, unknown delivery errors, operator-altered delivery.
• Unknown transients.
• Secondary explosions.
• Marking/adjusting rounds in SSBM OA.
• Cluster/ICM at CDE L4.
• RAP or extended range SSBM at CDE L4 (excl:M549 HERA w/PGK).

After 12 months if it does not revert to its NSE function.