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What is nature?
What is nurture?
- Nature: The degree to which genetic or hereditary influences
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- Nurture: Experiential or enviromental influences
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What is continuity?
What is discontinuity?
- Continuity: concerns whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression thoughout the life span
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- Discontinuity: series of abrupt shifts
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What are psychological forces?
All intrenal, cognitive, emotional, personality, perceptual and related factors that influence behaviour.
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What are social cultural forces?
interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors
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What are the life cycle factors?
they reflect the difference in how an even affects prople of different ages.
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what are all three forces taht interact?
Biological, psychological, and socio cultural.
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Who discovered psychodynamic?
Freud and Erikson
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Who discovered Learning?
Watson, Skinner, and bandura
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Who discovered cognitive?
Piaget, and Kohlberg
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Who discovered ecological and systems?
Bronfenbrenner and lawton
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Who discovered lifespan?
Baltes
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What are naturalistic observations?
"Real life" observations
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What are structures observations?
Researcher creates a situation likely to result in a type of behavior in which she/he is interested
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What are sampling behavior with tasks?
Kids selecting happy faces
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What are self reports?
People answer questions about the topic of interest.
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what are Physiological measures?
Measuring..HR, brain patterns, temp, etc
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What are the two research methods? and describe
- Reliability: Does this method consistently measure what is being studied?
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- Validity: Does this measure provide a true picture of what is being studied.
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What are some research ethics?
- Informed consent
- Avoid Deception
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Total amount of chromosomes with egg and sperm unite?
46
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how many chromosomes in a autosome?
22
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Which chromosome is the sex chromosome?
23rd
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What gender if XX?
Female
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What is a genotype?
Complete set of inherited traits
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What is a phenotype?
how the traits are expressed and is the combined effect of genotype and environmental influences.
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Homozygous alleles?
Alleles are the same, both of the childs parents have contributed similar genes for a trait.
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Heterozygous alleles?
the parents have contributed different version of the trait.
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What are dizygotic twins?
come from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperms.
fraternal
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What are monozygotic twins?
twins com fro the union of one egg and one sperm that splits in two, soon after conception
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When is the phase of zygote?
- weeks 1-2
- its when it travels down the fallopian tybe and is implanted in the uterine wall
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What phase is the embryo?
- weeks 3-8
- body structures, internal organs, and the three larers of the embryo develop.
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When is the phase of the fetus?
Week 9 to birth
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Fetus at week 4?
Heart beat
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Fetus at week 9?
Differentiation fo the ovaries and testes
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Fetus at week 12?
Circulatory sytem begins to function
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Fetus at week 32?
Age of viability
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How can nutrition be a risk factor for a mother?
inadequate maternal nutrition may result in premature birth and low birth weight.
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How can stress be a risk factor for the mother?
Extreme maternal stress is associated with low birth weight and premature births
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How many stages of labor?
3 stages
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Stage 1 of labor?
lasts 12-24hrs for the first birth and includes contractions and the enlargement of the cervix to approximately 10cm
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Stage 2 of labor?
actual birth of the baby and lasts about an hour
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Stage 3 of labor?
lasts a few minutes and involves expelling of the placenta
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Babies in low birth weight?
less than 5.5lbs
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Babies in very low birth weight?
less than 3.3lbs
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Babies in extremly low birth weight?
less than 2.2
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What is the apgar index?
vitals are assess scored et added given a # that determin if baby need special assisstance. Lower than 7
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What are the four states of a newborn?
- alert inactivity
- walking activity
- crying
- sleeping
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what is a basic cry?
starts softly and builds in volume and intensity. often ween when the child is hungry
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what is a mad cry?
more intense and louder cry
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what is a pain cry?
starts with a loud wail, followed by long pause then gasping
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how many hours does a baby sleep?
16-18
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When do babies sleep all night?
3 or 4 months
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When does rem sleep decrease on a newborn?
gradually decreases from 50% of the newborn sleep to about 25% in first year
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What is SIDS
sudden and unexplainable death
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decrease risk of SIDS?
sleep infants on their back
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The three dimensions of temperament?
- Emotionality
- activity
- sociability
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What is emiotionality?
is the strength of the infants emotional response to a situation
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What is activity?
is the tempo and vigor of a childs physical activity
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What is sociability?
the childs preference for being with other people
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Infants gain how much wight in the first year?
triple there weight
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Malnutrition to a child can cause?
childl to develp slow.
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Where are all the neurons stored in the brain?
cerebral cortex
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what happens after 3 weeks after conception?
the neural plate, a flat structure of cells forms
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What happens by 28wks of conception?
the brain has all the neurons it will ever have
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What hemisphere are the emotions in?
Right
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What hemisphere is your language at?
Left
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Posture and Balance of baby?
- Top heavy lose balance
- learn new balance for each posture
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Stepping for infant?
move legs as soon as 6-7 months but dont learn to walk till developmentally ready
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what is differentiation in coordinating skills?
mastery of component skills.
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what is integration in coordinating skills?
combining them in sequence to accomplish the task
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Fine motor skills at 4 months?
infants clumsily reach for objects
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Fine motor skills by 5 months?
coordinate movement of the two hands
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Fine motor skills by 2-3 years
children can use zippers but not buttons
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Fine motor skills by 6yrs?
tying shoes is a skill
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9month old infant self concept?
smille at face in the mirror but do not seem to recognize it as their own face
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15-24months of infant self concept?
see the image int he mirror and touch their own face.
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Age 2 infant and theory of mind?
child understands that people have desire and these cause behavior
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age 3 infant and theory of mind?
distinguish between the mental world and the physical world
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age 4 infant and theory of mind?
understands that behaviour is based on beliefs and that the beliefs can be wrong
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What is a scheme?
Sense of the world through categories of related events, objects, and knwledge
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What is assimilation?
- new experiences fit into existing schemes.
- required to benefit from experience
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what is accommodation?
- when schemes have to be modified as a consequence of new experiences.
- Allows for dealing with comletely new data or expirience
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What is equilibrium?
exists when threre is a balance between assimilation and accomodation
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what is disequilibrium?
exists when more accomodation is occuring than assimilation
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Period of sensorimotor development? what is it?
- 0-2yrs
- adapting and exploring enviroments
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What is egocentrism?
the shild is unable to see the world from any viewpoing other than their own
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What is centration?
child concentrate on only one dimension or aspect of a problem, ignoring other equally relevant aspects
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What is apperance is reality?
innability to understand that apperance cen be misleading
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Attention?
when sensory information receive additional cognitive processing
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Orienting response?
Emotional and physical reactions to unfamiliar stimulus
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Habituation?
a lessening of the reaction to a new stimulus
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What is classical conditioning>
a neutral sitmulus becomes able to elicit a response that was previously caused by another simulus
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What is aperant conditioning?
behaviors are affected by their consequences
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What is imitation?
Learning from a older sibling
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when does cooing happen?
at 2 months producing vowel sounds
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when does babbling happen?
around 6 months
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what happens with speech at 8-12months?
incorporate intonations, or change in pitch that are typical of the language they hear
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