IS130 Key terms

all the activities a company performs in selling and buying products and services using computers and communication technology

buying and selling goods and services over the internet

a series of activities designed to meet business needs by adding value in each phase of the e-commerce process.

mixes traditional commerce and e-commerce. Capitalizes on the advantages of online interaction with customers yet retains the benefits of having a physical store location.

transfers the old retail model to the e-commerce world by using the medium of the internet

brings sellers and buyers together on the web and collects commissions on the transactions between these parties.

an extension of traditional advertising media, such as radio and television. Directories such as yahoo.

refers to generating revenue from more than one source

ecommerce sites collect information on consumers and businesses and then sell this information to other companies for marketing purposes

e-commerce sites sell digital products or sevices to customers

companies sell directly to consumers

e-commerce involves electronic transactions between businesses

e-commerce involves business transactions between users, such as consumers selling to other consumers via the internet

e-commerce involves people selling products or services to businesses such as a service for creating online surveys for a company to use

services include tax filing, online voter registration, disaster assistance, and e-trading for government employees

involves e-commerce activities that take place inside an organization, typically via the organization's intranet. (Exchange of goods or services, or info among employees)

model is the most popular B2B. Sellers who cater to specialized markets such as chemicals, electronics, and auto components, come together to create a common marketplace for buyers - sort of a one-step shopping model

enables employees in an organization to order and recieve supplies and services directly from suppliers.

a buyer, or a group of buyers, opens an electronic marketplace and invites sellers to bid on announced products or requests for quotation (RFQs).  Buyers can manage the procurement process more efficiently, lower administrative costs, and implement uniform pricing

Not controlled by buyers or sellers. Controlled by a third party and the marketplace generates revenue from the fees charged for matching buyers and sellers. These marketplaces are usually active in vertical or horizontal markets.

concentrates on a specific industry or market. (Utility companies, beef and dairy industries, medical products)

concentrates on a specific function or business process and automates this function or process for different industries.

automate negotiating processes and enforce contracts between participating businesses

using handheld devices, such as smartphones or PDAs, to conduct business transactions

relies on voive recognition and text to speech technologies

refers to money or scrip that is exchanged electronically. Usually involves use of the internet, other computer networks, and digitally stored value systems. (Credit cards, debit cards, smart cards)

the size of a credit card and contains an embedded microprocessor chip for storing important financial and personal information. The chip can be loaded with information and updated periodically

a secure and convenient alternative to bills and coins, complements credit, debit, and charge cards and adds convenience and control to everyday cash transactions

the electronic version of a paper check, offers high security, speed, and convenience for online transactions

offer a secure, convenient, and portable tool for online shoipping. They store personal and financial information such as credit card numbers, passwords, and PINs

is a popular online payment system used in many online auction sites. Users with a valid e-mail address can set up an account and use it for secure payments of online transactions, using their credit cards or bank statesments

used for very small payments on the Web. They began as a method for advertisers to pay for cost per view or cost per click.

uses the web and its supporting technologies to promote goods and services

a method for improving the volume or quality of traffic to a website. A higher ranking in seach results should generate more revenue for a website.

works across national borders, facilitates communication between headquarters and subsidiaries in other countries, and incorporates all the technologies and applicatioons found in a typical information system to store, manipulate, and transmit data across cultural and geographic boundaries

restricts what type of data can be captured and transmitted in foreign countries.

has assets and operations in at least one country other than its home country. Delivers products and services across its national borders and is usually managed centrally from its headquarters

production, sales, and marketing are decentralized and financial management remains the parent's responsibility

manages highly centralized info systems. Subsidiaries have little autonomy and rely on headquarters for all process and control decisions as well as system design and implementation

operates much like a multinational corporation, but subsidiaries depend on headquarters more for process and production decisions

the parent and all subsidiaries work together in designing policies, procedures, and logistics for delivering products and services to the right market

an organization chooses an outsourcing firm in another country that can provide needed services and products

also known as waterfall model is a series of well-defined phases performed in sequence that serves as a framework for developing a system or project

the system designer must understand and define the problem the organization faces, taking care not to define symptoms rather than the underlying problem (Why, Who, What, When)

are employees who will use the system regularly, and they can offer important feedback on the systems strengths and weaknesses

arent employees but do use the system; they include customers, contractors, suppliers, and other business partners. Although they arent normally part of the task force, their input is essential

a collective activity involving users, top management, and IT professionals. It centers on a structured workshop where users and system professionals come together to develop an application. (Detailed agenda, visual aids, screens, reports)

analyses a proposed solution's feasibility and determines how best to present the solution to management. It usually has five major dimensions, economic, technical, operational, scheduling, and legal

assesses a systems costs and benefits

concerned with technology to be used in the system. The team needs to assess whether technology to support the new system is available or feasible to implement.

the measure of how well the proposed solution will work in the organization and how internal and external customers will react to it.

concerned with whether the new system can be completed on time

concerned with legal issues, including political repercussions and meeting the requirements of the information privacy act

analysts define the problem and generate alternatives for solving it

analysts choose the solution thats the most realistic and offers the highest payoff for the organization. Details of the proposed solution are outlined and the output of this phase is a document with exact specifications for implementing the system, including files and databases, forms and reports,

tools automate parts of the application development process. These tools are particularly helpful for investigation and analysis in large scale projects because they automate parts of the design phase

a small-scale version of the system is developed but one that's large enough to illustrate the system's benefits and allow users to offer feedback.

shows users how a particular task that wasn't technically feasible can be done

used to sell a proposed system to users or management by showing some of its features

the solution is transferred from paper to action, and the team configures the systems and procures components for it

the old and new systems run simultaneously for a short time to ensure that the new system works correctly

the corresponding part of the old system is retired. The process continues until the entire system is operational

the old system is stopped and the new system is implemented

the analyst introduces the system in only a limited area of the organization, such as a division. If the system works correctly, its implemented in the rest of the organization in stages or all at once

a written document with detailed specifications used to request bids for equipment, supplies or sevices from vendors

a screening document for gathering vendor info and narrowing the list of potential vendors. It can help manage the selection of vendors by focusing on the project requirements that are crucial to selecting vendors

happens when an organizations team develops the system internally

is when end users develop thier own info systems with little or no formal assistance from the info systems team. These users might not know how to write programing code but are typically skilled enough to use off-the-sheld software.

organization hires an external vendor or consultant who specializes in providing development services

the process of outsourcing tasks that are traditionally performed by employees or contractors to a large group of people (a crowd) through an open call

Info system is operating, enhancements  and modifications to the system have been developed and tested, and hardware and software components have been added or replaced

a philosophy and a software and system development methodology that focuses on the development, use, and reuse of small, self-contained blocks of codes (called services) to meet the software needs of an organization

concentrates on user involvement and continuous interaction between users and designers. It combines the planning and analysis phases into one phase and develops a prototype of the system. It uses an interative process (incremental development) that repeats the design, development, and testing steps as needed, based on feedback from users.

divides a project into smaller functions and developers cant go on to the next phase until the current phase if finished. Each function of the overall project is developed in a step-by-step fashion

where two programmers participate in one development effort at one workstation. Each programmer performs the action the other is not currenlty doing

similar to XP in focusing on an incremental development process and timely delivery of working software. There's less emphasis on team coding and more on limiting the projects scope.

an integrated network consisting of an organization, its suppliers, transportation companies and brokers used to deliver goods and services to customers

the process of working with suppliers and other partners in the supply chain to improve procedures for delivering products and services

enables business partners to send and receive information on business transactions

third-party exchange that provides a platform for buyers and sellers to interact with eachother and trade more efficiently online

brings traditional auctions to customers around the globe and makes it possible to sell far more goods and services than a traditional auction

invites sellers to submit bids for products and services. There's one buyer and many sellers.

used to coordinate supply chain members through point-of-sale (POS) data sharing and joint planning

consists of the processes a company uses to track and organize its contacts with customers. It improves services offered to customers and uses customer contact info for targeted marketing

the process of satisfying customers needs building relationships and increasing profits by designing goods and services that meet customers preferences better.

allows customers to modify the standard offereing such as selecting a different home page to be displayed each time you open your browser

a search for specific information or patterns using input from multiple business partners and data sources. It identifies groups of people based on common interests and recommends products or services based on what members of the group purchased or didnt purchase

draws on concepts of organizational learning, organizational culture, and best practices to convert tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, create a knowledge-sharing culture in an organization, and eliminate obstacles to sharing knowledge

an integrated system that collects and processes data and manages and coordinates resources, info, and functions throughout an organization

(programmable tasks) can be automated because a well-defined standard operating procudure exists for these types of decisions

include a structured aspect that benefits from info retrieval, analytical models, and info systems technology

are typically one-time decisions with no standard operating procedure pertaining to them

are the different types of info systems that have been developed to support certain aspects and types of decisions. Each type is designated with unique goals and objectives

a decision maker examines the organizations environment for conditions that need decisions. Data is collected from a variety of sources and processed. From this info, the decision maker can discover ways to approach the problem

the objective is the define criteria for the decision, generate alternatives for meeting the criteria, and define associations between the criteria and the alternatives

the best and most effective course of action is chosen

the organization devises a plan for carrying out the alternative selected in the choice phase and obtains the resources to implement the plan

an interactive info system consisting of hardware, software, data, and models designed to assist decision makers in an organization. Its three major components are a database, a model base, and a user interface

component includes mathematical and statistical models that, along with the database, enable a DSS to analyze info.

defines the management issues in designing and using a DSS. These issues dont involve the technological aspects of the system

focuses on how the DSS is implemented and usually addresses questions about data storage, file structure, user access, response time, and security measures

the liasion between users and designers. He or she is responsible for supplying info on what the model does, what data inputs it accepts, how the model's output should be interpreted, and what assumptions go into creating and using the model.

branches of DSSs, are interactive information systems that give executives easy access to internal and external data and typically include "drill-down" features and a digital dashboard for examining and analyzing info.

integrates info from multiple sources and presents it in a unified, understandable format, often charts and graphs. It offers up-to-the-minute snapshots of info and assists decision makers in identifying trends and potential problems

assist decision makers working in groups. These systems use computer and communication technology to formulate, process, and implement a decision-making tast and can be considered a kind of intervention technology that help overcome the limitaitons of group interactions

assists groups in communicating, collaborating, and coordinating their activities. It is a collection of applications that supports decision makers by providing access to a shared environment and information

enable decision makers in defferenct location to participate in a group decision-making process

captures, stores, processes, and displays geographic info such as showing the location of all city streetlights on a map

consists of related technologies that try to simulate and reproduce human though behavior, including thinking, speaking, feeling, and reasoning. AI technologies apply computers to areas that require knowledge, perception, reasoning, understanding, and cognitive abilities

perform well at simple, repetitive tasks and can be used to free workers from tedious or hazardous jobs

mimic human expertise in a particular field to solve a problem in a well-defined area

a software package with manual or automated methods for acquiring and incorporating new rules and facts so that the expert system is capable of growth

similar to a database, but in addition to storing facts and figures it keeps track of rules and explanations associated with facts

used to keep the knowledge base updates with changes to facts, figures, and rules

performs tasks similar to what a human expert does by explaining to end users how the reccomendations are derived

by using different techniques, such as forward and backward chaining, it manipulates a series of rules.

a series of "if-then-else" condition pairs is performed

the expert system starts with the goal first-the then part- and backtracks to find the righ solutions

a problem solving technique that matches a new case with a previously solved case and its solution, both stored in a database. After searching for a match, the CBR system offers a solution. If no match is found the human expert must solve the problem

an application of artificial intelligence that are becomming more popular. Consist of software capable of reasoning and following rule-based processes

helps users navigate through the vast resources available on the web and provide better results in finding information. These agents can navigate the web much faster than humans and gather more consistent, detailed information.

perform specific tasks for a user, such as remembering info for filling out web forms or completing e-mail addresses after the first few characters are typed

work with a data warehouse and can detect trend changes and discover new info and relationships among data items that aren't readily apparent

are used mostly in techniques to find solutions to optimization and search problems

was developed so that users could communicate with computers in their own language

a user states a need before getting info as when a URL is entered in a web browser so that the user can go to a certain website

a web server delivers information to users who have signed up for this service instead of waiting for users to request the information be sent to them

provide access to software or services for a fee

On demand software, is a model for ASPs to deliver software to users for a fee; the software might be for temporary or for long-term use

uses computer-generated, three-dimensional images to create the illusion of interaction in a real world environment

the user is totally immersed in the VR world

the user is given a "window view". Data is still rendered in 3-D, but users can only view it on screen. They can't interact with objects, as in an egocentric environment

a virtual environment consisting of a cube-shaped room in which the walls are rear-projection screens. CAVEs are holographic devices that ceate, capture, and display images in true 3-D form

a simulated environment designed for users to interact via avatars

a 2-D or 3-D graphical representation of a person in the virtual world, used in chat rooms and online games

a small electronic device consisting of a small chip and an antenna. This device provides a unique identification for the card or the object carrying the tag.

a broadband wireless technology. Technology can be transmitted over a short distances - typically 120 feet indoors and 300 feet outdoors - in the form of radio waves

broadband wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. Designed for wireless metropolitan area networks and usually has a range of about 30 miles for fixed stations and 3 to 10 miles for mobile stations

can be used to create a personal area network (PAN). Wireless technology for transferring data over short distances (usually within 30 feet) for fixed and mobile devices

involves combining the processing powers of various computers. Users can make use of other computers resources to solve problems involving large-scale, complex calculations, such as circuit analysis or mechanical design

similar to the SaaS model and provides IT sevices on demand. Users pay for computing or storage resources on an as-needed basis, similar to paying for utilities

incorporates many recent technologies including the SaaS model, web 2.0, grid computing, and utility computing

incorporates techniques that involve the structure and composition of materials on a nanoscale