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Psychoanalytic Approach
- Freud
- emphasizes UNCONSCIOUS aspects of personality
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Preconscious
aware if we think of it
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Unconscious
not aware of it
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Id
- pleasure and gratification
- NO REGARDS
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Ego
- negotiates between id and superego
- REALITY
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Superego
- knows right & wrong
- MORALITY
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Oral Stage
- BIRTH-1 YEAR
- we obtain nourishment through mouth & it is the focus of pleasure
- Fixations: smoke, chew gum, etc. (have to have something in your mouth)
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Anal Stage
- 1-3 YEARS
- we learn to control our bowels
- Fixations: "anal retentive"
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Phallic Stage
- 3-6 YEARS
- need to resolve oedipus/electra complex
- Fixation: attracted to older adults
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Oedipus Complex
youg boys desire their mothers and dislike their fathers
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Electra Complex
young girls desire their fathers & dislike their mothers
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Latency Stage
- 6-12 YEARS/PUBERTY
- absence of a stage
- no impulses/pleasure
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Genital Stage
- 12 YEARS/PUBERTY-ADULTHOOD
- reproduction is the goal
- Fixations: fetishes, promiscuity
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Trait
internal tendency to behave a certain way across situations throughout our lives
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Secondary Traits (ALLPORT)
- occur in certain situations
- not very consistent
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Central Traits (ALLPORT)
- traits that occur in MOST situations
- core tendencies
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Cardinal Traits (ALLPORTS)
- occur in all situations
- may/may not exisit
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Openness
degree a person is thoughtful/open to new ideas & experiences
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Conscientiousness
degree you are aware of others/details of a task
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Extraversion
degree your energy is directed outward
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Agreeableness
how well you get along with others/conform
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Neuroticism
degree of emotional stability
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Introversion/Extraversion
focus on the inner world/outter world
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Sensing/Intuition
focus on hard data & info/interpret it & go with your gut
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Thinking/Feeling
made decisions based on logic/consider special circumstances & others' feelings
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Judging/Percieving
like things planned out/rather take things as they come
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Reciprocal Determinism
- Bandura
- personality is determined by out environment, behavior, & thoughts
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Self-Efficacy
we will be successful in a certain area
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Hierarchy of Needs
- Maslow
- 5. Self-Actualization
- 4. Esteem
- 3. Belonging & Friends
- 2. Safety Needs
- 1. Biological Needs
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5. Self-Actualization
what we're meant to do/be
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4. Esteem
confidence, respect, self-esteem
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3. Belonging
friends, relationships
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2. Safety Needs
clothes/shelter
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1. Biological Needs
food, air, water
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Actualizing Tendency
people naturally strive for fulfilment & growth
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Onconditional Positive Regard
accepting others for who they are; not judging or expecting anything in return
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Objective Personality Test
- closed answer, true/false items
- MMPI-2
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Projective Personality Tests
- psychoanalytic basis, present ambiguous stimuli & ask for open-ended answers (triggers unconscious)
- Rorschbach Inkblot
- Thematic Apperception
- Sentence Completion
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MMPI-2
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- 567 true/false items
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Rorschbach Inkblot Test
asking what someone sees in a random inkblot
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Thematic Apperception Test
person sees a pic of a situation & is asked to tell a story about it
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Sentence Completion Test
person completes an ambiguous sentence
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Four Aspects of Abnormal Behavior
- 1. Statistical Infrequency
- 2. Violation of Social Norms
- 3. Personal Distress
- 4. Level of Impairment
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1. Statistical Infrequency
behavior is unusual compared to statistics of others' behavior
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2. Violation of Social Norms
behavior doesn't compare with social norms
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3. Personal Distress
behavior causes the individual to be distressed
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4. Level of Impairment
behavior interferes with a person's ability/causes oneself or others distress
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Pevelance of Psychological Disorders
5o%
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Axis I
- psychological disorders
- depression, anxiety, phobias, amnesia, substance abuse, amd schizophrenia
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Axis II
- personality disorders, mental retardation (lifelong condition)
- negatively affects a person's ability to function
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Axis III
- general medical conditions, physical problems/conditions
- cancer, diabetes, arthritis
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Axis IV
- environmental problems
- physical/sexual abuse or experiencing a traumatic event
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Axis V
- global assesment of functioning
- GAF scale: numerical scale that evaluates a person's level of functioning (high #=high level of functioning)
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Reexperiencing Symptoms (PTSD)
- Intrusive thoughts
- Dreams
- Flashbacks
- Distress @ cues
- Physiological reactivity @ cues
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Avoidance/Numbing Symptoms (PTSD)
- Avoid thoughts/feelings
- Avoid activities
- Amnesia
- Lack of interest
- Feelings of detachment
- Lack of feelings
- Belief in foreshortened future
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Hyperarousal Symptoms (PTSD)
- Difficulty sleeping/concentrating
- Anger outbursts
- Hypervigilence (predictng how you will avoid an emergency)
- Easily startled
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PTSD
- post traumatic stress disorder
- must experience a stressful situation where yours or anothers life was at risk
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Major Depressive Disorder
- extremely depressed for at LEAST 2 weeks
- often accompanied by annendonia (absense of pleasure)
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Dysthymic Disorder
- persistently depressed mood that lasts at least 2 years
- symptoms are less severe than MDD
- ex: Eeyore
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Bipolar Disorder
extremely elevated or depressed mood that lasts at least 1 week
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Cyclothymic Disorder
less severe than bipolar
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General Anxiety Disorder
- excessive anxiety and worry about several things
- worrying about the unnessescary details
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Free Association (Psyc.)
client talks freely about whatever comes to mind
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Dream Analysis (Psyc.)
analyzing hidden symbols in a dream
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Manifest Content vs. Latent Content (Psyc.)
- Manifest= real content ("Material") of a dream
- Latent= hidden meaning that Lies within the dream
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Transference (Psyc.)
patient relates to therapist like they did their parents
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Person-Centered Therapy
- Carl Rogers
- client is the expert
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Validation (PC)
speaking in a way that shows you are accepting of their feelings
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Reflection (PC)
repeating what the client told you in your own words
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Systematic Desensitization (B)
creating an anxiety attack, then relaxing
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Stimulus Control (B)
have person avoid environment that elicits anxious response
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Imaginal & In Vivo Exposure
mental images/real item is presented to gradually bring the feared object in contact
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ABCDE Model of Modifying Problematic Thoughts
- A: Activating event- what started the disorder?
- B: Beliefs- thoughts and opinions
- C: Consequences- what you feel
- D: Dispite the Negative Beliefs
- E: No emotion/affect
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