Muscle chpter

is a general term for connective tisue sheets within the body

separates and compartmentalizes individual muscles or groups of muscles

is a connective tissue sheath dense collagenous connective tissue surrounding individual muscles

bundles of muscle fibers

connective tissue surrounding muscle faasciculi

is a layer of reticular fibers surrounding each muscle fiber

the plasma membrane of muscle fiber

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, excluding the myofilaments

is a threadlike structure that extends from one end of a muscle fiber to the other

extremely fine molecular thread helping form the myofibrils of muscle; thick myofilaments are formed of myosin, and thin myofilaments are formed of actin

highly form order units of actin and myosin myofilaments, which are joined end to end to form myofibrils (part of a myofibril between adjacent Z disk)

molecules that are attached at specific intervals along actin myofilaments and have calcium binding sites, also attached to tropomysin; globular protein component of the actin myofilament

molecules located along the grove between twisted strands of F actin; fibrous protein found as a component of the actin myofilamen

When Calcium binds to troponin, tropomysin moves, exposing the active sites

the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process

the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes

• are isotonic contractions is which muscle tension increases and mucsle shortens
• ie. flexing elbow with weight in hand

• are isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained as muscle lenghtens
• ie. extending elbow with weight in hand

is the decrease capacity to do work and the reduced efficiency of performance that normally follows a period of activity

involves the central nervous system and is the most common type of fatigue. Muscles are capable of functioning, but the individual "perceives" that additional muscular work is not possible

Results from ATP depletion. Without adequate ATP levels in muscle fibers, cross-bridges, and ion transport do not function normally. The tension that a muscle is capable of producing declines

Extreme muscular Fatigue; temporary inablility of a muscle to either contract or relax because of depletion of ATP so that active transport of calcium ions into the sacroplasmic reticulum cannot occur

• 1. Creatine Phosphate
• 2. Anaerobic Respiration
• 3. Aerobic Respiration

The most fatige resistant because the can produce many ATP to support muscle contraction. Have high aerobic capacity and low anerobic capacity to generate ATP, have many mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin content. Appears red, generally located in postural muscles and lower limbs

Have intermediate fatigue resistance deriving ATP from oxidative and glycolytic processes. Have intermediate aerobic capacity and high anaerobic capacity. Have many mitochondria, capillaries and high myoglobin content. Generally predominate in lower limbs

Are the most fatiguable fibers because they produce few ATP, have few mitochondria, capillaries and little myoglobin content. Have low aerobic capacity and the highest anaerobic capacity. Appear white and generally predominate in upper limbs; Functions in rapid, intense movements of short duration

does not require oxygen and results in the breakdown of glucose to yeild ATP and lactic acid; includes glycolysis, is less efficient, but is much faster and only available for short period of time

requires oxygen and breakdown glucose to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. Is ore efficient, uses a greater variety of energy sources like fatty acids and amino acids; include citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

Attached to bones, very long and cylindrical, multinueclate, striated, both voluntary and involuntary (reflexes), not capable of spontaneous contractions and function in body movement

Located in walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, and skin, spindle-shape, single nucleus centrally located, preform gap junctions in some visceral smooth muscle cells together, no striations and completely involuntary

Makes up the heart, cylindrical and branched, single nucleated centrally located, intercalated disks join cells to one another, striated, involuntary, pumps blood