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Micro Chptr 8& 10
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What are the 3 elements to metabolism?
Catabolism
Anabolism
Enzymes
What is catabolism?
Breakdown of complex organic molecules to extract energy
Ex
: glucose in humans
What is Anabolism?
The use of energy to synthesize macromolecules and cell structures from precursors
Catabolism and anabolism happen...
...at the same time
What is the function of an enzyme?
Catalyst for chemical reactions
What are the different structures of an enzyme?
Simple
Conjugated
3-D features
What does a simple enzyme consist of?
A protein alone
What does a conjugated enzyme consist of?
A protein and a nonprotein
What are some 3D features of an enzyme's structure?
Enable specificity
Ex
: active site or catalytic site
Conjugated enzymes contain a
cofactor,
, or both in order for it to function as a
.
metallic; coenzyme; catalyst
Specific active sites (amino acids) arise due to...
the folding of the protein (enzyme)
What happens once the enzyme reaction is complete?
The product is released and the enzyme reused
What do cofactors in conjugated enzymes do?
bind to and activate the enzyme
Transient carrier?
Alter a substrate by removing a chemical group from one substrate and adding it to another substrate
Ex
: vitamins
What is an exoenzyme?
enzyme that resides on the outside of a cell
What is an endoenzyme?
enzyme that works inside a cell
What does constitutive mean?
The more you add the greater the reaction
What are 3 types of reactions?
Condensation
Hydrolysis
Transfer reactions
Condensation reactions are associated with which reaction?
Anabolic reactions
Hydrolysis reactions are associated with which reactions?
Catabolic reactions
What are transfer reactions?
Transfer of electrons from one substrate to another
What are metabolic pathways?
Pathways designed for enzymes to undergo catabolism
The different metabolic pathways are regulated by which enzymes?
The enzymes that catalyze the reactions
What is repression?
End product turns system off so no more product is made
What are some enzyme characteristics?
Most are composed of protein
Makes metabolic reactions fast enough to sustain life
Provide an active sites called substrates
Are much larger in size than their substrates
Are not used up or permanently changed by reaction
Can be recycled
Greatly affected by temp and pH
Can be regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms
What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
End product of catabolism
What is a redox reaction?
Reduction and oxidation reaction
What does EMP stand for?
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas
EMP results are the same as?
Glycolysis results
TCA cycle is another name for?
Kreb cycle
At the end of glucose metabolism, how many ATP is left?
6 ATP
What is glycolysis?
Oxidation of glucose
What is generated from glycolysis?
Water, 2 ATP, and 2 Pyruvic acid molecules
Where are ATP stored in Eukaryotes?
In the mitochondria
Where are ATP stored in prokaryotes?
In the cytoplasmic membrane
What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
Nitrate or nitrite
What is the final electron acceptors in fermentation?
Organic compounds
What is the ATP result like in fermentation?
fermentation yields a small amount of ATP compared to respiration
What are the two types of fermenters?
Facultative anaerobes
Strict fermenters
What is an example of facultative anaerobes?
E coli
What is an example of strict fermenters?
Yeast (requires O
2
)
What is gluconeogenesis?
Occurs in liver when the glucose supply is low. Makes new glucose
What are macromolecules?
cellular building blocks
What is genetic engineering?
The process of opening the original DNA, inserting new DNA and creating something completely new.
What are some characteristics of restriction endonuclease?
Originates in bacterial cells
Natural function is to protect bacterium from foreign DNA
Recognizes 4-10 base pairs
Cleaves DNA at the phosphate-sugar bond
Ex
: EcoRI from E coli
What is Ligase?
The closing of DNA by linking together DNA fragments and rejoining phosphate-sugar bonds
What does reverse transcriptase do?
converts RNA to DNA
Ex
: Complementary DNA (cDNA)
--mRNA to cDNA
What is electrophoresis?
Separation of DNA based on size by use of electricity. Used for characterizing DNA fragment and fingerprinting
What is complementation?
When complementary sites on two different nucleic acids bind or hybridize
Probes are single-stranded and have...
...a known sequence
What is the Sanger method?
Another process for sequencing nucleotides
What do cloning vectors do?
Carry a significant piece of the donor DNA
Ex
: Plasmids, phages
Name 3 recombinant organisms
1.Modified bacteria and viruses
2.Transgenic plants
3.Transgenic animals
What is Pseudomonas syringae?
Bacteria that prevents crystals from forming on plants
What is Pseudomonas fluorescens?
contains an insecticide gene
What is a knockout mouse?
Mouse genetically engineered for genetic defects
What is gene therapy?
Treatment to repair a genetic defect
Author
saturn1212
ID
191571
Card Set
Micro Chptr 8& 10
Description
Nursing Micro
Updated
1/7/2013, 5:42:08 AM
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