The flashcards below were created by user
saturn1212
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
What are the 3 elements to metabolism?
- Catabolism
- Anabolism
- Enzymes
-
What is catabolism?
- Breakdown of complex organic molecules to extract energy
- Ex: glucose in humans
-
What is Anabolism?
The use of energy to synthesize macromolecules and cell structures from precursors
-
Catabolism and anabolism happen...
...at the same time
-
What is the function of an enzyme?
Catalyst for chemical reactions
-
What are the different structures of an enzyme?
- Simple
- Conjugated
- 3-D features
-
What does a simple enzyme consist of?
A protein alone
-
What does a conjugated enzyme consist of?
A protein and a nonprotein
-
What are some 3D features of an enzyme's structure?
- Enable specificity
- Ex: active site or catalytic site
-
Conjugated enzymes contain a cofactor, , or both in order for it to function as a .
metallic; coenzyme; catalyst
-
Specific active sites (amino acids) arise due to...
the folding of the protein (enzyme)
-
What happens once the enzyme reaction is complete?
The product is released and the enzyme reused
-
What do cofactors in conjugated enzymes do?
bind to and activate the enzyme
-
Transient carrier?
- Alter a substrate by removing a chemical group from one substrate and adding it to another substrate
- Ex: vitamins
-
What is an exoenzyme?
enzyme that resides on the outside of a cell
-
What is an endoenzyme?
enzyme that works inside a cell
-
What does constitutive mean?
The more you add the greater the reaction
-
What are 3 types of reactions?
- Condensation
- Hydrolysis
- Transfer reactions
-
Condensation reactions are associated with which reaction?
Anabolic reactions
-
Hydrolysis reactions are associated with which reactions?
Catabolic reactions
-
What are transfer reactions?
Transfer of electrons from one substrate to another
-
What are metabolic pathways?
Pathways designed for enzymes to undergo catabolism
-
The different metabolic pathways are regulated by which enzymes?
The enzymes that catalyze the reactions
-
What is repression?
End product turns system off so no more product is made
-
What are some enzyme characteristics?
- Most are composed of protein
- Makes metabolic reactions fast enough to sustain life
- Provide an active sites called substrates
- Are much larger in size than their substrates
- Are not used up or permanently changed by reaction
- Can be recycled
- Greatly affected by temp and pH
- Can be regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms
-
What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
End product of catabolism
-
What is a redox reaction?
Reduction and oxidation reaction
-
What does EMP stand for?
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas
-
EMP results are the same as?
Glycolysis results
-
TCA cycle is another name for?
Kreb cycle
-
At the end of glucose metabolism, how many ATP is left?
6 ATP
-
What is glycolysis?
Oxidation of glucose
-
What is generated from glycolysis?
Water, 2 ATP, and 2 Pyruvic acid molecules
-
Where are ATP stored in Eukaryotes?
In the mitochondria
-
Where are ATP stored in prokaryotes?
In the cytoplasmic membrane
-
What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
Nitrate or nitrite
-
What is the final electron acceptors in fermentation?
Organic compounds
-
What is the ATP result like in fermentation?
fermentation yields a small amount of ATP compared to respiration
-
What are the two types of fermenters?
- Facultative anaerobes
- Strict fermenters
-
What is an example of facultative anaerobes?
E coli
-
What is an example of strict fermenters?
Yeast (requires O2)
-
What is gluconeogenesis?
Occurs in liver when the glucose supply is low. Makes new glucose
-
What are macromolecules?
cellular building blocks
-
What is genetic engineering?
The process of opening the original DNA, inserting new DNA and creating something completely new.
-
What are some characteristics of restriction endonuclease?
- Originates in bacterial cells
- Natural function is to protect bacterium from foreign DNA
- Recognizes 4-10 base pairs
- Cleaves DNA at the phosphate-sugar bond
- Ex: EcoRI from E coli
-
What is Ligase?
The closing of DNA by linking together DNA fragments and rejoining phosphate-sugar bonds
-
What does reverse transcriptase do?
- converts RNA to DNA
- Ex: Complementary DNA (cDNA)
- --mRNA to cDNA
-
What is electrophoresis?
Separation of DNA based on size by use of electricity. Used for characterizing DNA fragment and fingerprinting
-
What is complementation?
When complementary sites on two different nucleic acids bind or hybridize
-
Probes are single-stranded and have...
...a known sequence
-
What is the Sanger method?
Another process for sequencing nucleotides
-
What do cloning vectors do?
- Carry a significant piece of the donor DNA
- Ex: Plasmids, phages
-
Name 3 recombinant organisms
- 1.Modified bacteria and viruses
- 2.Transgenic plants
- 3.Transgenic animals
-
What is Pseudomonas syringae?
Bacteria that prevents crystals from forming on plants
-
What is Pseudomonas fluorescens?
contains an insecticide gene
-
What is a knockout mouse?
Mouse genetically engineered for genetic defects
-
What is gene therapy?
Treatment to repair a genetic defect
|
|