Midterm Review Questions.txt

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  1. What is Biology?
    The study of life.
  2. Name the steps of the Scientifc Method
    • A.State the problem/purpose
    • B.Hypothesis-research implied-only useful if it can be tested
    • C.Controlled Experiment-testing one variable at a time
    • D.Recrod and anyalyze data
    • E.Concluision-an ending statement about your hypothesis
    • F.Repeat Experiment/Publish
  3. Describe the difference between a control and a variable in an experiment.
    A control is the normal standard and the variable is the one thing different from the control that CAN change the results to be comparded to those of the control.
  4. List the standar metric units for length, mass, temperature, and volume.
    • Length:Meters (m)
    • Mass: grams (g)
    • Temperature: Celcius (degrees C)
    • Volume: liter(l)
  5. What is microscope?
    A device used to magnify and study microorganisms by extending human vision by making enlarged images of objects.
  6. Describe the view of an object through a microscope vs. the actual object
    A microscope can only see small parts of the object and and see more closley with better details. The human eye can see the whole object.
  7. What is the total magnification for a microscope with an ocular lense at 10X magnification and an objective at 50X magnification.
    500X magnification
  8. Light Microscope
    Uses lamp as a light source, 2 knobs and diaphram.
  9. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
    Topography of specimen, coated with metals, 3D, 100,000X magnification
  10. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
    Inside specimen, dense dark thin light, 2D, 200,000X magnification
  11. What is the point at which detail is lost with a light microscope called?
    Resolution
  12. List 5 lab saftey rules
    • Always wear eye protection
    • Tie your hair back
    • don't breath odors directly. Waft them towards your nose with you hand.
    • Report ALL injuries to the teacher.
    • Don't eat or drink in the labratory.
    • Wash your hands after handling chemicals.
    • Be alert for unsafe conditions
    • Never attempt unauthorized experiments
  13. List 8 characterists of living things
    • Organization-presence of 1 or more cells
    • Universal genetic code-DNA deoxribonyuceic acid
    • Response to Stimuli(us)/enviornment
    • Homeostasis
    • Metabolism-living things obtain and use energy
    • Growth and development
    • Reproduction
    • Change through time/eveolve-adaaptation
  14. Define homeostasis
    The maintence of a stable level of internal conditions even though enviornmental conditions are constantly changing.
  15. Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons from a give element on the periodic table.
    • Protons and eletrons=atomic number
    • Neutrons-Atomic mass-atomic number
  16. Give the location, charge and mass of the three subatomic particles.
    • Proton:Nucleus:Positive:1,00727638 amu
    • Neutron:Nucleus:Nuetral:1.0086649156 amu
    • Electron:Orbit:Negative:.0005446623 amu
  17. What does amu mean?
    Atomic Mass Unit
  18. Define an isotpoe. Give an example.
    Atoms of the same element with different nuetrons. C12, C13, C14
  19. Contrast covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds.
    • Covalent: Atoms share electrons
    • Ionic: Electron is donated, opposites attract
    • Hydrogen: Positive hydrrogen is attraced to negative oxygen.
  20. Contrast an atom and an ion.
    An atom in nuetral while an ion has an electric charge.
  21. Describe the three states of matter.
    • Solid:Set Volume and shape
    • Liquid: Set volume. No set shape.
    • Gas: No set volume and shape.
  22. Define solute.
    substance dissolved (sugar)
  23. Define solvent
    dissolves the solute (water)
  24. Define Solution
    Substance is uniformly distributed in another
  25. Define Suspension
    Mixture of two substances, 1 does not rapidly settle out.
  26. Describe the role of buffers in living systems.
    Chemical substances that neutrulize small amounts of either base or acid added to solution, it helps maintain pH values in stomach acid, intestinal fluid, urine, blood etc.
  27. What does pH stand for?
    Potential of Hydrogen
  28. What is a monomer?
    Simple molecule
  29. Monomer of a Carbohydrate
    Monosaccharide
  30. Monomer of Protein
    Amino acids
  31. Monomer of Nucleic Acid
    Nucleotides
  32. List 3 carbohydrate monomers
    glucose, fructose, galactose
  33. List 3 polysaccharides
    Glycogen, starch, cellulose
  34. Compare starce and cellulose
    • Starch: branched and coiled chains
    • Cellulose: straight and chaing
  35. Compare and contrast hydrolysis and dehyrdation synthesis.
    • Hydrolysis breaks down compounds using water.
    • Dehrdation synthesis (condensation reaction) builds up compounds when water is removed
  36. Glucose Formula
    C6H12O6
  37. What are the 3 parts of nucleic acid
    • Nitrogenous base
    • 5 carbon sugar
    • Phosphate group
  38. List a few scientific examples of lipids?
    • Triglyercerides, Phospholipids, waxes, fats, oils, fatty acids, sterioids
    • Fatty Acids and Carboxly groups
  39. Describe the structure and importance of phospholipids
    They have 2 fatty acids attached to glercerol. They make up the cell membrane.
  40. What does Iodine detect?
    Starch; turns black and blue
  41. What does Biuret detect?
    Proteins; blue/purple
  42. What does Benedicts detect?
    Sugar; orange
  43. What is the most abundant compound in living things?
    water
  44. Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
    • Prokarytoes lack membrane bound nucleus and organells. They are smaller and have DNA in the nucleioid.
    • Eukaryotes have membrane bound nuclues and organelles. They are larger and have DNA in the nuclues.
  45. What are the three statements of cell theory?
    • A.All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
    • B.Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
    • C.Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
  46. Who is respondsible for cell theory?
    • Matthias Schleiden.
    • Theodor Schwann.
    • Rudolf Virchow.
  47. Ribosome
    create protein and direct protein synthesis
  48. Vacuole
    large fluid filled organelle that stores water, ezymes, metabolic wastes, etc
  49. Mitochondria
    transfer energy to make sugar from CO2+H2O
  50. Cell Wall
    ridgid layer outside the plasma membrane
  51. Lysosome
    vesicles that bud from Golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes beak down large molecules like proteins
  52. Cell Membrane
    covers cell's surfaces and acts as barrier for cell
  53. Cytoskeleton
    network of thin tubes and filaments that criss cross cytosol give shape and support to cell
  54. What part of the cell contains the genetic code?
    Nucleus: DNA+RNA
  55. What organelle is made up of a lipid bi-layerwith proteins emeded within?
    Cell membrane
  56. Who first coined the term cell?
    Robert Hooke: 1665
  57. Who invented the first decent microscope?
    Antoine van Leeuwenhoek: 1655
  58. Compare/contrast diffusion and osmosis.
    • Both go from [high] to [low]
    • Diffusion can be any small, lipid soluble particle
    • Osmosis is only water
  59. What does selective permeable mean and which cell part does it relate to?
    It lets some substance in and some not. It refers to the cell membrane.
  60. List 3 examples of passive transport
    • Diffusion
    • Osmosis
    • Faciliated Diffusion
  61. Hypertonic
    There is more solute inside the cell
  62. Hypotonic
    There is more solute outside the cell
  63. Isotonic
    The amount of solute inside and outside the cell is equal
  64. Pinocytsos
    transport of solutes or flids
  65. Phagocytosis
    movement of large particles or whole cells
  66. Exocytosis
    substance is released from cell through vesicles that transports subtance to cell surface and then fuses with membrane to let substance out of the cell.
  67. Define and give an example of active transport.
    When cells move materials against [gradient] from [low] to [high]
  68. How do cells, tissues, organs and organ systems all inter-relate.
    Cells make up tissues. Tissues make up organs. Organs make up organ systems. Organ systems make up organisms.
  69. What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
    6H20+6CO2-light->C6H12O6+602
  70. What is ATP?
    Adenosine triphosphate. Contains a high energy bond in which energy is released when broken.
  71. What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? What kind of energy is it converted into by photosynthesis?
    Light energy to chemical energy.
  72. What are the reactants and products for the light reactions?
    • Reactants:H20,NADP+, ADP,P.
    • Products: H+, NADPH, ATP,O2
  73. What is another name for the dark reactions?
    Calvin Cycle
  74. What are the reactanct and products for the dark reactions?
    • Reactants: CO2 chemical energy store in Nadph and ATp
    • Products: organic compounds (sugars)
  75. What is a pigment? What is the most common in plants?
    pigments in plants absorb some colors of the visible spectrum of light and will reflect specific colors- ones they appear as to the eye. stomata- major passageway.
  76. Explain how the exchange of gases occur in a leaf.
    closed stomata allow o2 level to increase from light reactions, co2 decreases. stomata- major passageway
  77. What is the relationship of the stomata and the guard cells?
    prohibits necessary water from leaving plant
  78. What protects the leaf from drying out?
    The stomata closing, so the water is unable to escape
  79. What is the function of the vein?
    • phloem: carries food down the vein
    • xylem: carries water up the vein
  80. Where does aerobic respiration occur? Why?
    occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria contains the enzymes needed to catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle.
  81. What are the reactants and products of aerobic cellular respriation.
    Glucose + o2 ----> co2 and water and atp
  82. What kinds of organisms perform cellular respiration?
    autotrophs and heterotrophs (plants, animals)
  83. Name and define the 2 types of fermentation
    • Lactic acid: an enzyme converts pyruvic acid made during glycolysis into a 3-carbon compound called lactic acid.
    • Alcoholic: convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol
  84. What can fermentation be used for?
    • helps make atp
    • -brewing industry (beer and wine)
    • -baking industry (breads)
    • -dairy industry ( cheese and yogurt)
  85. What are Nadh and fadh2?
    electron carries in a cell they produce atp
  86. Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
    in the mitochondria of a cell "powerhouse"
  87. Where is the ETC located?
    mitochondria of a cell "powerhouse" "mighty-chondria
  88. What is the final electron accpetor in aerobic respiration?
    • oxidative phosphorylation "add phosphate"
    • oxygen

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Author:
 zrondos
ID:
 192180
Filename:
 Midterm Review Questions.txt
Updated:
2013-01-11 01:37:22
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Bio
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Bio Midterm Review :)
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