Removes a phosphate from a protein; this is covalent modification
Proteolytic Cleavage
Breaks peptide bonds between amino acids
Ex: Activation of Digestive Enzymes
Allosteric regulation
Occurs viad the binding of a regulator molecule to an allosteric site of an enzyme and does not involve dephosphorylation
Consitutive activity
Occurs when the activity of an enzyme is continuously on; this can occur in response to an association with an activating subunit or dissociation from an inhibitory subunit
Standard Free Energy - Go'
= -RTlnK'eq
K'eq = [C]eq[D]eq/[A]eq[B]eq
Free energy = G
= Go' + RTlnK, where K = [C][D]/[A][B]
G for the hydrolysis of one phosphate group from ATP in the body
-12kcal/mol
Proteases
Protein-cleaving enzymes. Many have an active site with a serine residue whose OH group can act as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of an amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain
Kinase
The addition of a phosphoryl group from an ATP to the hydroxyl of serene, threonine, or tyrosine residues. Phosphorylation on an enzyme can either activate or inactivate the enzyme.
Phosphorylases
phosphorylate proteins using free-floating inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the cell instead of ATP
Three meanings of oxidize
attach oxygen (or increase number of bonds to oxygen)
remove hydrogen
remove electrons
Three meanings of reduce
remove oxygen (or decrease number of bonds to oxygen)
add hydrogen
add electrons
Theoretical ATP yield from cellular respiration in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes