If medication must be administered during an emergency situation on a verbal order, how must the ordering of the medication be handled?
it must be written and signed by the ordering physician within 24 hours
What is a standing order?
a written order that is not necessarily written for each specific procedure, but determines how much contrast is used, etc and is determined and updated by the radiologist annually.
What should be included in a standing order?
advance cathartic preparation (laxatives)
the name and amount of the drug
the time to be administered
any pt. conditions that would preclude implementation of the order
what should all drug orders include?
the name and amount of the drug to be administered
the route of administration
the time of administration
any patient conditions that would preclude implementation of the order
the science that deals with the origin, nature, effects, and uses of drugs or medications:
pharmacology
______________ is a classified system of names.
nomenclature
In pharmacology, a drug may be classified by:
name
action
its method of legal purchase
how many names does a drug have, and what are they?
at least three
chemical name
generic name
trade name/proprietary name
What does the FDA require to be on the information sheet of all drugs (7)?
the trade name
generic name
chemical composition
chemical strength
usual dose
indications and contraindications
reported side effects
an annual publication that contains current product information:
Physicians Desk Reference (PDR)
How are drugs listed in the PDF and what is included?
on color coded pages by both generic and brand names
accepted uses
side effects
contraindications
dosages
the study of how drugs enter the body, are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized, and exit the body:
pharmacokinetics
the process by which a drug enters the systemic circulation in order to provide the desired effect:
absorption
Name the forms of absorption of dosage from slowest to fastest (6):
coated tablets/enteric coated tablets
tablets
capsules
powders
suspensions
solutions
What forms are necessary for absorption?
liquid or gas form (a solid must be broken down first)
What do we call the crushing of a solid (ex. tablet)?
disintegration
the means by which a drug travels from the site of absorption to the site of action, usually through the blood stream:
distribution
the process by which the body transforms drugs into an inactive form that can be excreted from the body once the body renders it useless:
metabolism
What is the primary organ for metabolism?
the liver
the elimination of drugs from the body after they have been metabolized:
excretion (also elimination)
What is the primary organ for excretion?
the kidneys
the study of the effects of drugs on the normal physiological functions of the body:
pharmacodynamics
the desired outcome or the effect of the drug on cells in the body is the:
therapeutic effect
the undesired outcome or the consequence other than the one for which a drug is used:
side effect
What are some things that can cause a toxic effect (overdose of the drug in the system)?
inadequate excretion
impared metabolism
overdose
drug sensitivity
a specific drug that treats a toxic effect:
antidote
an unusual reaction that varies from the reaction expected:
idiosyncratic reaction (meta reaction)
a drug that produces a specific action and promotes the desired result:
agonist
a drug that attaches itself to the receptor, preventing the agonist from acting:
antagonist
occurs when a patient has been sensitized to the initial dose of a medication and has built up antibodies against that allergen:
allergic reaction
a life-threatening allergic reaction:
anaphylaxis (usually occurs within 5 minutes)
drugs that are classified according to their action or function:
drug families
when one medication hinders another:
synergistic (additive) effect
antiallergic medications that are used primarily to treat allergic disorders both acute (sudden) and chronic (on-going):