The flashcards below were created by user
CoLinRadTechs
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
Name three ways in which orders may be given:
- written
- verbal
- standing order
-
If medication must be administered during an emergency situation on a verbal order, how must the ordering of the medication be handled?
it must be written and signed by the ordering physician within 24 hours
-
What is a standing order?
a written order that is not necessarily written for each specific procedure, but determines how much contrast is used, etc and is determined and updated by the radiologist annually.
-
What should be included in a standing order?
- advance cathartic preparation (laxatives)
- the name and amount of the drug
- the time to be administered
- any pt. conditions that would preclude implementation of the order
-
what should all drug orders include?
- the name and amount of the drug to be administered
- the route of administration
- the time of administration
- any patient conditions that would preclude implementation of the order
-
the science that deals with the origin, nature, effects, and uses of drugs or medications:
pharmacology
-
______________ is a classified system of names.
nomenclature
-
In pharmacology, a drug may be classified by:
- name
- action
- its method of legal purchase
-
how many names does a drug have, and what are they?
- at least three
- chemical name
- generic name
- trade name/proprietary name
-
What does the FDA require to be on the information sheet of all drugs (7)?
- the trade name
- generic name
- chemical composition
- chemical strength
- usual dose
- indications and contraindications
- reported side effects
-
an annual publication that contains current product information:
Physicians Desk Reference (PDR)
-
How are drugs listed in the PDF and what is included?
- on color coded pages by both generic and brand names
- accepted uses
- side effects
- contraindications
- dosages
-
the study of how drugs enter the body, are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized, and exit the body:
pharmacokinetics
-
the process by which a drug enters the systemic circulation in order to provide the desired effect:
absorption
-
Name the forms of absorption of dosage from slowest to fastest (6):
- coated tablets/enteric coated tablets
- tablets
- capsules
- powders
- suspensions
- solutions
-
What forms are necessary for absorption?
liquid or gas form (a solid must be broken down first)
-
What do we call the crushing of a solid (ex. tablet)?
disintegration
-
the means by which a drug travels from the site of absorption to the site of action, usually through the blood stream:
distribution
-
the process by which the body transforms drugs into an inactive form that can be excreted from the body once the body renders it useless:
metabolism
-
What is the primary organ for metabolism?
the liver
-
the elimination of drugs from the body after they have been metabolized:
excretion (also elimination)
-
What is the primary organ for excretion?
the kidneys
-
the study of the effects of drugs on the normal physiological functions of the body:
pharmacodynamics
-
the desired outcome or the effect of the drug on cells in the body is the:
therapeutic effect
-
the undesired outcome or the consequence other than the one for which a drug is used:
side effect
-
What are some things that can cause a toxic effect (overdose of the drug in the system)?
- inadequate excretion
- impared metabolism
- overdose
- drug sensitivity
-
a specific drug that treats a toxic effect:
antidote
-
an unusual reaction that varies from the reaction expected:
idiosyncratic reaction (meta reaction)
-
a drug that produces a specific action and promotes the desired result:
agonist
-
a drug that attaches itself to the receptor, preventing the agonist from acting:
antagonist
-
occurs when a patient has been sensitized to the initial dose of a medication and has built up antibodies against that allergen:
allergic reaction
-
a life-threatening allergic reaction:
anaphylaxis (usually occurs within 5 minutes)
-
drugs that are classified according to their action or function:
drug families
-
when one medication hinders another:
synergistic (additive) effect
-
antiallergic medications that are used primarily to treat allergic disorders both acute (sudden) and chronic (on-going):
antihistamines
-
What are some of the most common antihistamines?
- Benadryl/diphenhydramine (also analgesic)
- Adrenalin/epinephrine (also vasoconstrictor/adrenergic)
-
How is a generic name usually written?
in all lower-case letters
-
drugs used to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms:
- antibiotics/antimicrobials
- ex. for wound infections, skin prep, anything that fights bacteria
-
name some common antibiotics:
- alcohol and betadine - iodine (skin prep)
- Keflex (cephalosporins)
- Bactrim (specific infections of urinary tract)
- Penicillin (broad spectrum)
- Zephran
-
drugs that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness:
analgesics
-
name some common analgesics:
- opioids (any drug similar to morphine)
- Morphine sulfate (MS)
- Codeine
- Demeral/meperidine
- Tylenol/acetaminophen
- Aspirin/acetylsalicylic acid
- Benadryl/diphenhydramine
- naproxen/naproxen sodium
- Motrin or Advil/ibuprofen
-
because ___________ are capable of becoming addictibe, they are classified as controlled substances.
narcotics
-
name some narcotics (sleep-inducing):
- all opiates
- all sleep-inducing meds
- CNS depressants
- street drugs (controlled substances)
- Loratab/hydrocodone
-
Name some rules when dealing with controlled substances:
- must be in locked containers
- must be counted daily
- patient's name, dose, and name & title of the person administering the med must be recorded
-
name some anticonvulsants:
- Valium/diazepam
- Cerebyx/fosphenytoin
-
drugs used to depress the CNS:
- sedatives
- hypnotics
- tranquilizers
-
What is a general rule when it comes to a patient that has been given a sedative/tranquilizer?
the pt cannot be left alone
-
name some cathartics:
- Dulcolax/bisacodyl
- Castor oil
- Magnesium citrate
-
name some sedatives/tranquilizers:
- Valium/diazepam
- Versed/midazolam
- Librium/chlordiazepoxide
-
used to counteract the effects of sedatives and analgesics:
antagonists
-
what medication can be used as an antagonist to Valium and Versed?
Romazicon/flumazenil
-
what medication can be used as an antagonist to morphine and other opiates?
Narcan/naloxone (prevents or reverses respiratory depression, sedation, and low blood pressure)
-
agents that act on the CNS to produce loss of sensation:
anesthetics
-
What are the two main types of anesthetics?
- general anesthetics (CNS depressants by producing muscle relaxation and loss of consciousness)
- local anesthetics (block nerve conduction from a specific area of the body to the CNS)
-
Name some anesthetics:
- Xylocaine/lidocaine (local; arteriograms, also an antiarrhythmic)
- Anectine/succinylcholine chloride, numbs throat for scopes/E.T.tubes; skeletal muscle relaxer
- epidurals
- Pentothal/thiopental sodium
- Fluothane/nitrous oxide
-
name some hypoglycemics:
- insulin
- Glucophage/metformin (check bun/creatinine levels, contraindicated in pts with poor kidney function)
-
what is the first step in administering any type of medication?
check the order!!!!
-
list the steps in administering any type of medication:
- check the order
- verify the medication and check expiration date
- check for allergies in the chart or get allergy history from pt
- perform hand hygiene before preparing medication
-
Why do you discard a medication if the expiration date has passed?
it loses its sterility and its potency
-
how many times should you read the label before administering a medication?
THREE (when you select the medication, while preparing the dose, just before administering it)
-
list the five rights of medication administration:
- the right dose
- the right medication
- the right patient
- the right time
- the right route
-
name three routes of medication administration:
- enteral route
- topical route
- parenteral route
-
list examples of enteral routes:
- oral
- sublingual
- buccal
- rectal
- NG tube
- medication inhalation
-
what is meant by administering by a topical route?
through the surface of the skin (paste or disks)
-
what is meant by administering by a parenteral route?
- any route other than through the digestive system:
- injections:
- IV
- IM
- SC
- ID
-
What is the easiest and most familiar, but also the slowest route of administering medication?
- oral
- must dissolve in the stomach and then pass into the small intestine where most of the absorption takes place
-
A topical route is absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream for a ____________ effect.
systemic
-
name two examples of administering medicine through a rectal route:
-
Name four ways to administer medication by a parenteral route (injections):
- Intradermal (ID)
- Subcutaneous (SC)
- Intramuscular (IM)
- Intravenous (IV)
-
what is the hollow canal of the hypodermic needle?
the lumen
-
what is the plastic place the hypodermic needle screws into?
the hub
-
how should the hypodermic needle be positioned to enter the skin?
the slant or tip should be bevel up to pierce the skin more easily
-
the diameter of the hypodermic needle:
the gauge
-
Describe the relationship of hypodermic needle gauges:
- the larger the gauge, the smaller the needle
- example: an 18 gauge needle is larger than a 22 gauge needle
-
What is the length range of the hypodermic needle and the routine length?
- range: 1/2" to 4 1/2"
- routine: 2 1/2"
-
What angles are used for the different injection types?
- Intradermal (ID) angled 15 degrees
- Subcutaneous (SC) angled 45 degrees
- Intramuscular (IM) angled 90 degrees
- Intravenous (IV) angled 15 degrees
-
What gauge needles are common for the different injection types?
- Intradermal (ID) 26 gauge
- Subcutaneous (SC) 23-25 gauge (5/8")
- Intramuscular (IM) 22 gauge (large)
- Intravenous (V) hypodermic (usually for only phlebotomy), butterfly set, or IV catheter (angiocath)
-
In what locations are the different injection types usually taken?
- Intradermal (ID) anterior forearm
- Subcutaneous (SC) upper arm and outer aspect of thigh
- Intramuscular (IM) deltoid (arm), gluteal muscles (butt), vastus lateralis (thigh) *under 5 yrs - never booty, always thigh
- Intravenous (IV) antecubital veins
-
What are some reasons for Intradermal injections?
- formerly to test for allergic reactions
- TB skin test
-
With all IV injections you are looking for __________, while for all muscular injections, you are not.
blood backflow
-
What is the parenteral route that offers the most immediate results in terms of effect?
Intravenous administration
-
Where should the tourniquet be placed when preparing for an IV placement?
3 to 5 inches above intended site (antecubital vein) to dilate the vein
-
When feeling for a vein for an IV puncture, what should you feel?
vein should feel soft and spongy, not hard
-
What are some things you can do to locate hard-to-find veins?
- applying a warm compress
- allowing the pt's arm to dangle
- have pt pump their fist
-
for an IV placement, avoid veins that are:
- tortuous (twisted)
- hard to see
- veins that are used repeatedly
- veins where skin is in poor condition
- veins that lay on an artery
- thin veins
- veins in extremeties compromised by surgery, paralysis, mastectomy
-
What is the last thing done in administering medication intravenously, after disposing of the syringe and needle properly?
chart all relevant information
-
In which direction should you snap the neck of an ampule?
away from you
-
what are the two positions recommended for the ampule when withdrawing the medication?
- invert the ampule
- set on a flat surface
-
What could happen if you fail to check for/remove air bubbles from a syringe?
- an air bubble can be fatal
- can cause an air embolism (to the brain, heart, etc.)
-
How is the air/liquid ratio handled when drawing up meds from a vial?
- pull a portion of air into the syringe that is equal to the amount of liquid you want to withdraw.
- insert needle and inject air.
- withdraw amount of liquid necessary
-
If a vial is used to administer med to a pt, and not all of the medication is used that first time, can you draw from that same vial again?
only for the same patient, and only within 24 hours
-
Is the vial sterile?
only on first use, wipe for further uses
-
What type of injection system is an ampule? a vial?
- ampule: open system
- vial: closed system
-
when fluid escapes into surrounding tissues:
extravasation (also, infiltration)
-
what are some effects of extravasation?
- causes area to swell
- can be very painful
-
name some precautions to minimize the risk of extravasation:
- check for backflow of blood
- immobilize catheter/needle at injection site
- stop injection immediately if pt complains of pain/burning or if swelling or resistance is noticed
-
what steps should be taken if extravasation occurs?
- remove needle and apply pressure until bleeding stops
- apply cold ice packs
- keep applying ice packs for 20 to 60 minutes, repeated 3x a day until swelling is diminished
-
blood that has escaped or extravasated into surrounding tissue:
hematoma (bruise)
-
Keep IV solution ___________ above the level of the vein.
18-20 (book says 18-24)
-
what may occur if IV solution is too high?
it may infiltrate into surrounding tissue
-
what may occur if IV solution is too low?
it may flow back into the IV tubing and clot, causing the fluid to stop flowing
-
What can happen if an IV infusion runs too fast, and which pts are more susceptible to it?
- may receive more fluid than can be readily assimilated causing pulmonary edema
- especially for pts with conditions like COPD or CHF
-
What should always be included when charting medication?
- time of day
- name of drug
- dosage
- route of administration
- identity of person charting (full name and department)
-
If the radiographer charts medication, what should be done besides signing the full name and department?
must be countersigned by the radiologist
-
In the case of an emergency situation, make written notations of:
- time
- drug
- dosage
- route
- date
- identification of person administering med
- signature of ordering physician
-
When is a common use of heparin?
when an artery is cathed because it's an anticoagulant (prevents clotting)
-
how is Nitroglycerin administered?
sublingually, enteral route
-
What is the radiographer's principle role in medication administration?
to monitor IV fusions and to assist with emergency medication administration and meds for radiologic procedures
-
generic medications are the same as, but less expensive than, proprietary medications. true or false?
true
-
What is a more common name for an intermittent injection port?
heparin lock or saline lock
-
adrenaline is used for _________ allergic reactions.
acute (severe)
-
what type of drug relieves pain without loss of consciousness?
analgesics
-
what class of drug is Penicillin?
antimicrobials
-
4 1/2" needles are used for what type of injection?
intrathecal (spinal)
-
list four complications of antibiotics:
- secondary infection
- developed resistance
- tissue damage or injury
- allergic reaction
-
How many times should a student try to stick a patient before asking for help?
twice
-
-
-
c (with a like over it):
with
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
s (with a line over it)
without
-
-
-
-
Name an Adrenergic (vasoconstrictor):
Adrenalin/epinephrine
|
|