What requires dual-field and triple-field intensifiers?
Magnification fluoroscopy
State the formula for brightness gain.
Brightness Gain = Minification Gain X Flux Gain (BG=MG X FG)
State the formula for minification gain.
MG = [Diameter of the input screen]2 / [Diameter of the output screen]2
State the forumla for flux gain.
FG = Number of light photons at the output screen / Number of light photons at the input screen
State the formula for conversion factor.
CF = Luminance of the ouput screen / Exposure rate at the input screen
With an optical image distributor, 10% of the light goes to the _______________ and 90% to the ________________.
video camera
photospot film camera
If using a dual field intensifer (25cm/17cm), which would produce a higher does to the patient?
17 cm mode (which is the magnification mode)
State the formula for dose increase.
Dose = (full field diameter2)/ (magnification mode2)
The spatial resolution image intensifier ____________ with a smaller input diameter mode.
increases
__________________ is the ratio of the image brightness at the periphery to that at the center of the output screen.
Contrast ratio
An _____________ in mA can reduce noise.
increase
To reduce dose, the ZnCdS input phosphor used in the early image intensifier tube was replaced with ______ which has a __________ DQE than ZnCdS.
CsI (cesium iodide)
higher
_______________ is the continued emission of light from the screen when the radiation beam has been turned off.
Image lag
_____________ refers to the loss of brightness on the periphery of the image.
Vignetting
______________ and _______________ are two kinds of artifacts produced from the convex input screen of the Image Intensifier and the close vicinity of an electromagnetic field with the II.
Pincushion distortion
S distortion
The CCD camera has a _________ dynamic range than the pick-up tube's.
higher
The generator used with digital fluoroscopy is a _________________ generator.
high frequency
True or False: A flat-panel digital fluoroscopy system contains an image intensifier.
False
List some advantages of the flat-panel digital fluoroscopy system.
high low-contrast resolution
high DQE across all dose levels
high dynamic range
no pincushion distortion or veiling glare
grids can be removed
rectangularly shaped
more compact
List the three digital post-processing capabilities of digital fluoroscopy.
Grayscale-Image manipulation
Last image hold
Temporal frame averaging
What is a post-processing operation that is used to enhance image sharpening?
edge enhancement
What is produced when the pre-contrast image referred to as a mask image is first obtained and post-contrast images are then digitally subracted from the mask image?
Temporal subtraction
What is defined as images that are recorded based on subtraction of energies slightly above and slightly below the K-absorption edge of the contrast material used for the examination?
Energy subtraction
What are the limitations of Screen Film Mammography?
limited dynamic range of film
brighness and contrast are fixed once the film is developed
the film serves 3 roles...acquisition, display, and storage
How is DQE expressed?
DQE = SNR2out / SNR2in
If the DQE for an imaging system were perfect, it would be represented as _____.
one
The DQE for SFM is ______ than DM. The SFM would be ______ DQE.
less
45%
A ____ bit ADC would allow for excellent digitazation and display of images with excellent grayscale resolution.
14
The ____________________ uses data received from the ADC to produce the digital mammographic image.
Digital Image Processing
Two types of display technologies for DM are ___________ and ___________.
Caathode ray tube (CRT)
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
The four purposes for PACS in DM are to improve:
management effeciency
storage
retreival
communicaion of images
List the seven specific image-processing algorithms for DM.
What is a type of computer software that allows for additional information to be supplied to the radiologist to enhance diagnosis?
Computer-aided Detection and Diagnosis (CAD)
True or False: CAD is thought of as a "second opinion" in DM.
True
What is a technique that uses the principles of conventional tomography to produce tomographic images that are intended to enhance the conspicuity of lesions by blurring out structures above and below the layer of interest?
Digital Tomosynthesis
When was the first image intensifier used in fluoroscopy?
1950
What is a dynamic image?
an image in motion
What is the major advantage of the image intensifier?
to decrease dose to the patient
What is another name for dynamic imaging?
real time imaging
What refers to an images intensifier coupled to a video camera that converts the image from the output screen of the image intensifier into a video signal?
conventional fluoroscopy
What are the major components of conventional fluoroscopy?
x-ray tube
generator
spot film device
image intensifier tube
optical image distributor
photo spot camera
video camera
TV monitor
What type of images are recorded by the spot film device?
single static images
What happens to mA when switching from fluoro to shooting a spot film?
it increases significantly (from about 1-3 mA to 200-400 mA)
What is the spot film stored in until a stationary image is ready to be taken?
lead incased section
What type of film moves out to be exposed at the film plane and continues to move through until exposure was complete?
photospot film (very similar to a 35 mm camera)
What are the 4 types of monitors?
CRT
CCD
LCD
OLED
In fluoroscopy, what helps to reduce dose to the patient and decrease blurring from moving objects?
pulsed fluoroscopy (as short as 3-10 ms/image)
Pulsed fluoroscopy requires a grid-controlled x-ray tube which can reduce the dose as much as _____ compared to non-pulsed fluoroscopy.
90%
What are the technical factors for dynamic fluoroscopy?
1-3 mA and 65-120 kVp
List the parts of the image intensifer to show its function.
input screen (CsI phosphor: converts x-ray to light)
photocathode layer (SbCs3: converts light to electrons)
electrostatic lenses (takes image from cathode (-) to anode (+) side)
output screen (ZnCdS: converts electrons back to light)
How much energy helps accelerate the electrons in the II to move them to the anode side?
10,000-25,000 volts
Which is smaller: the output screen or the input screen?
the output screen (image is intensified and flipped)
The output screen is ____ the size of the input screen.
1/10
Brightness gain ranges from:
5,000- 30,000
The brightness gain concept has been replaced with the ____________________ which measures light gain at the output screen.
Conversion factor
What is the unit of measurement for luminance or light brightness?
Candela/square meter (Cd/m2)
Conversion factor gain ranges from:
50-300
What is the glass envelope enclosed in that provides mechanical support and shielding?
a metal housing
What is the purpose of the optical image distributer?
to split the light received from the output screen
Name sizes for dual-field and triple-field intensifiers and give their exposure rates.
dual-field: 25cm (30 micro R/sec)
17cm (60 micro R/sec)
triple-field: 25cm (30 micro R/sec)
17cm (60 micro R/sec)
12cm (120 micro R/sec)
What are the typical contrast ratio values?
20:1
10:1 to 30:1
15:1 to 35:1
What are the five types of image intensifier artifacts?
image lag
vignetting
veiling glare
pincushion distortion
S distortion
What characteristic of the II causes pincushioning and S distortion?
the shape is convex
What artifact results when light is scattered in the image intensifier?
veiling glare
Why does the radiologist view images on a TV monitor instead of an output screen?
the image is too small and bright to be seen clearly for proper viewing and interpretation
For first generation video cameras that used television tubes, what was needed when it came to image lag and SNR?
low image lag
high SNR
What is the SNR for conventional fluoroscopy? digital fluoroscopy?
conventional 200:1
digital 1000:1
in analog to digital conversion, digitizing the analog signal requires dividing it into a number of bits referred to as:
sampling
The __________ the bit, the more accurate the ADC.
higher
Digital fluoroscopy uses a ____________ for receiving dynamic digital data from the ADC and processing it quickly for display and storage.
"host computer"
List the key components of the Flat-Panel Detector (Digital):