Unit 4 (Chapter 6 & 7)

Who developed the first fluoroscope and when?

List the components of the Image Intensifier.

What requires dual-field and triple-field intensifiers?

State the formula for brightness gain.

State the formula for minification gain.

State the forumla for flux gain.

State the formula for conversion factor.

With an optical image distributor, 10% of the light goes to the _______________ and 90% to the ________________.

If using a dual field intensifer (25cm/17cm), which would produce a higher does to the patient?

State the formula for dose increase.

The spatial resolution image intensifier ____________ with a smaller input diameter mode.

__________________ is the ratio of the image brightness at the periphery to that at the center of the output screen.

An _____________ in mA can reduce noise.

To reduce dose, the ZnCdS input phosphor used in the early image intensifier tube was replaced with ______ which has a __________ DQE than ZnCdS.

_______________ is the continued emission of light from the screen when the radiation beam has been turned off.

_____________ refers to the loss of brightness on the periphery of the image.

______________ and _______________ are two kinds of artifacts produced from the convex input screen of the Image Intensifier and the close vicinity of an electromagnetic field with the II.

The CCD camera has a _________ dynamic range than the pick-up tube's.

The generator used with digital fluoroscopy is a _________________ generator.

True or False: A flat-panel digital fluoroscopy system contains an image intensifier.

List some advantages of the flat-panel digital fluoroscopy system.

List the three digital post-processing capabilities of digital fluoroscopy.

What is a post-processing operation that is used to enhance image sharpening?

What is produced when the pre-contrast image referred to as a mask image is first obtained and post-contrast images are then digitally subracted from the mask image?

What is defined as images that are recorded based on subtraction of energies slightly above and slightly below the K-absorption edge of the contrast material used for the examination?

What are the limitations of Screen Film Mammography?

How is DQE expressed?

If the DQE for an imaging system were perfect, it would be represented as _____.

The DQE for SFM is ______ than DM. The SFM would be ______ DQE.

A ____ bit ADC would allow for excellent digitazation and display of images with excellent grayscale resolution.

The ____________________ uses data received from the ADC to produce the digital mammographic image.

Two types of display technologies for DM are ___________ and ___________.

The four purposes for PACS in DM are to improve:

List the seven specific image-processing algorithms for DM.

What is a type of computer software that allows for additional information to be supplied to the radiologist to enhance diagnosis?

True or False: CAD is thought of as a "second opinion" in DM.

What is a technique that uses the principles of conventional tomography to produce tomographic images that are intended to enhance the conspicuity of lesions by blurring out structures above and below the layer of interest?

When was the first image intensifier used in fluoroscopy?

What is a dynamic image?

What is the major advantage of the image intensifier?

What is another name for dynamic imaging?

What refers to an images intensifier coupled to a video camera that converts the image from the output screen of the image intensifier into a video signal?

What are the major components of conventional fluoroscopy?

What type of images are recorded by the spot film device?

What happens to mA when switching from fluoro to shooting a spot film?

What is the spot film stored in until a stationary image is ready to be taken?

What type of film moves out to be exposed at the film plane and continues to move through until exposure was complete?

What are the 4 types of monitors?

In fluoroscopy, what helps to reduce dose to the patient and decrease blurring from moving objects?

Pulsed fluoroscopy requires a grid-controlled x-ray tube which can reduce the dose as much as _____ compared to non-pulsed fluoroscopy.

What are the technical factors for dynamic fluoroscopy?

List the parts of the image intensifer to show its function.

How much energy helps accelerate the electrons in the II to move them to the anode side?

Which is smaller: the output screen or the input screen?

The output screen is ____ the size of the input screen.

Brightness gain ranges from:

The brightness gain concept has been replaced with the ____________________ which measures light gain at the output screen.

What is the unit of measurement for luminance or light brightness?

Conversion factor gain ranges from:

What is the glass envelope enclosed in that provides mechanical support and shielding?

What is the purpose of the optical image distributer?

Name sizes for dual-field and triple-field intensifiers and give their exposure rates.

What are the typical contrast ratio values?

What are the five types of image intensifier artifacts?

What characteristic of the II causes pincushioning and S distortion?

What artifact results when light is scattered in the image intensifier?

Why does the radiologist view images on a TV monitor instead of an output screen?

For first generation video cameras that used television tubes, what was needed when it came to image lag and SNR?

What is the SNR for conventional fluoroscopy? digital fluoroscopy?

in analog to digital conversion, digitizing the analog signal requires dividing it into a number of bits referred to as:

The __________ the bit, the more accurate the ADC.

Digital fluoroscopy uses a ____________ for receiving dynamic digital data from the ADC and processing it quickly for display and storage.

List the key components of the Flat-Panel Detector (Digital):

What are the two types of dynamic FPDs?

Dynamic FPDs:
detector dimensions?
matrix sizes?

a process that allows for four pixels in one while equipment is being used for fluoro rather than radiography:

What are some significant differences between FPDs for digital radiopraphy and dynamic real-time fluoroscopy:

The purpose of _______________ is to change the contrast and brightness to improve diagnostic quality.

process that displays the last frame continuously when the beam has been suspended; repeats itself once the beam is turned on again:

Does temporal frame averaging increase or decrease noise?

Name the items involved with screen-film mammography:

Name two advantages and three disadvantages of screen-film mammography:

What are the dynamic ranges of screen-film mammography vs. digital mammography?

What is another name for digital tomosynthesis for mammography?

what are the four types of digital detectors in mammography?

Detectors must be capable of providing at least ____________ of spatial resolution to improve lesion detectability, in mammography.

Detectors must cover an image area of at least _________ to capture the entire breast.

Detectors must have pixels spaces about _________ apart in mammography.

What is a fundamental requirement when it comes to the matrix size for mammography?

What are two more things required for mammography besides high spatial resolution, large image area, pixel spacing, and matrix size?

What must happen to the digital information from the computer before the mammography image can be displayed on a monitor?

DM computer display monitors should be in rooms with an ambient light of:

Name 3 major components of a flat-panel scintillator/amorphous silicon system:

advantages to the compact design of a charge-coupled device DM system:

What would need to happen because of the narrow scan by the charge-coupled device DM?

Name disadvantages of CR DM:

name advantages of CR DM:

Name some point-processing operations in DM:

Name some local processing operations in DM:

name some global operations in DM:

Name some processing operations used to enhance and extract lesions within breast tissue:

What are three steps of quantitation of image features in CAD (DM)?

Data processing in CAD for DM uses techniques such as:

name two CAD systems commercially available: