Unit 1 (Arthrography+)

an invasive radiographic examination of the soft tissue structures of a diarthrodial joint by the introduction of a contrast media:

greek word for joint:

arthrography is largely being replaced by:

common joints that are examined through arthrography:

surgically viewing a joint through a scope:

name four contraindications to arthrography:

though unlikely, what is the most common type of reaction to arthrogram contrast:

a nervous system (vasovagal) response can be the result of:
and the symptoms are:

be familiar with these basic parts of an arthrogram tray:

on an arthrogram tray, what usually goes in the different sized syringes?

what images are routinely taken for an arthrogram?

swelling of a joint due to too much fluid:

three general types of contrast arthrography:

describe synovial fluid and its function:

name the most general indications for requiring arthrography:

an interarticular fibrocartilage of crescent shape located in the knee:

attach bone to bone:

attach muscle to bone:

located on weight-bearing surfaces of bones:

a padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue that reduces friction between tendon and bone, tendon and ligament, or between other structures where friction is likely
to occur:

fibrous capsule that encloses the synovial joint space:

thapsulee site of nerve endings that send messages to the brain about position and movement:

connective tissue making up the inner surface of the fibrous joint capsule and produces the synovial fluid that lubricates the joint surface:

the only parts of the joint not covered by the synovial membrane:

a non-traumatic pathologic process that can require a knee arthrogram:

what approaches may the doctor choos with needle placement for a knee arthrogram?

the least used method of arthrography of the knee:

a more common method of arthrography of the knee:

name the method of arthrography of the knee that uses the following:
7 x 17” cassette
lead diaphragm
low small table or stand to support knee
firm pillow
5lb sand bag

what amount of air is commonly used in pneumoarthrogram and what is a risk specific to this procedure?

name the method of arthrography of the knee being described:

water-soluble contrast
no greater concentration than 30% 
patient is prone
stress device under femur
used to open up each side of joint space.
better distribution of contrast around meniscus

for the vertical ray method of a knee arthrogram, describe how to better visualize a particular side of the knee:

describe fluoroscopy of the meniscus of the knee during arthrography:

how should the radiographer mark the images taken of the menisci of the knee during an arthrogram?

name common projections taken for arthrography of the knee:

what type of contrast study is a horizontal ray method knee arthrography?

for the double contrast arthrogram of the medial meniscus, what is done after the 1st exposure?

name the arthrogram in which the following occurs.
the excess of the heavy iodinated solution drains into the dependent part of the joint.  this leaves only a thin opaque coating on the gas enveloped uppermost part.

the ligament of the knee that originates on the anterior portion of the femur in the intercondyar notch and inserts on the posterior aspect of the tibial plateau:

name what is being imaged with the following criteria:
have patient sit with knee flexed 90 degrees over the side of the table.
a firm pillow is placed under the knee and adjusted so that forward pressure can be applied to the leg.
the patient holds a grid cassette in position and a slightly overexposed lateral projection is made.

name projections commonly taken during an arthrogram of the wrist:

describe the amount and injection site of contrast for an arthrogram of the wrist:

what is the usual injection site for an arthrogram of the hip?

what is the most common reason for a hip arthrogram for an adult? for a child?

name a radiographic complication that can commonly occur for a hip arthrogram in an adult:

name a solution to the problem of two positive agents interfering with each other during arthrography (ex. hip prosthesis containing cement):

what is the most common structure of interest in a shoulder arthrogram?

name the four muscles that join to form the rotator cuff of the shoulder:

name the contrast amount and injection site common for a shoulder arthrogram:

how is the inferior portion of the rotator cuff best visualized during a shoulder arthrogram?

name the common projections taken during an arthrogram of the shoulder:

what can be visualized on an arthrogram of the TMJ?

name the contrast amount and injection site for an arthrogram of the TMJ:

name the study, position, and label:

a radiographic method used to evaluate the length or differences in length between  long bones:

a premature fusion of epiphysis to shorten a bone:

name two treatment methods for length differences in long bones:

how is epiphysiodeses accomplished?

the growing portion of the bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis:

how is the growth of a shorter limb increased?

how is orthoroentgenography used for exact length of limbs?

name the three exposures made for exact limb length for the lower extremity:

where do you mark the hip when measuring for limb length?

where do you mark the knee when measuring for limb length?

where do you mark the ankle when measuring for limb length?

when is orthoroentgenography not quite effective and why?

what occurs when you center midway between the two joints during orthoroentgenography, to compensate for a larger discrepancy in limb lengths?

a form of orthoroentgenography that attempts to reduce magnification by putting the part close to the film and using a long SID:

where do you mark the shoulder when measuring for limb length?

where do you mark the elbow when measuring for limb length?

where do you mark the wrist when measuring for limb length?

what are the advantages of using CT for long bone measurement (in which a scanogram/scout is used)?

the formation of bone substance; the conversion of other tissue into bone:

shaft/body of long bones:

the ends of long bones:

primary and secondary centers of bone formation/ossification:

the space between the diaphysis and epiphysis that is made up of cartilage:

describe the progression of the epiphyseal plates of long bones:

what is the most common radiograph taken to calculate bone age?

in determining bone age, the degree of maturation is determined by:

name some variations that can contribute to differing degrees of maturation among individuals:

bone age protocols for ages 1-2 often include:

what is the last bony structure to ossify?

closure of the fontanels:

what projections are sometimes taken to demonstrate the closure of the fontanels?

what is sometimes requested in amenorrhea to estimate developmental age?

when a series of films is taken of various parts of the skeletal system to detect abnormalities:

name indications for a skeletal survey:

why should a babygram be avoided in a skeletal survey?

be familiar with the projections commonly taken for a skeletal survey:

any object that enters the body that is not part of the body:

only _____________ foreign bodies can be visualized.

if an object enters the mouth, it may be ___________ or ____________.

give four very basic guides for radiographing to locate a foreign body:

give the # of types of glass, which glass types might show up on radiographs, and which glass types will not show up:

the simplest and most commonly used method for localizing penetrating foreign bodies:

_________ projections can separate overlapping structures in any body region and prove especially useful when the image of the foreign body is superimposed by bone

________ projections can demonstrate whether the object is embedded in the bone or is lodged in the adjacent soft tissues

____________ projections are useful in the evaluation of superficial foreign bodies in the limbs

name the situation in which you follow these steps:
direct the central ray exactly through the foreign body, taking right angle views
oblique projections can separate overlapping structures in any body region and prove especially useful when the image of the foreign body is superimposed by bone

in localizing a foreign body in the hand, what lateral projection is used?

In adults the most frequent foreign body
traumas are:

when an object enters the mouth and starts the gag reflex, what can happen instead of expulsion of the object?

If aspirated into air passages, a foreign
body will be located:

when there is any doubt of foreign body, particularly in the case of infants and young children, the preliminary radiographic survey should include:

Radiolucent foreign bodies require:

Because an aspirated object can be quickly drawn into a distal branch of the airways, the initial radiographs of infants and young children should be large enough to include:

small, aspirated foreign objects sometimes pass on to block one of the smaller bronchial branches and exact localization of the site sometimes requires:

in aspirated foreign body localization, what projection can be especially useful to examine patients who are short-necked and high-shouldered?

a procedure to locate aspirated, radiolucent foreign bodies using a contrast medium under fluoroscopic visualization:

why might you need to take an inspiration and an expiration radiograph for a foreign body?

what are the two most routine projections taken for a swallowed foreign body?

for non-opaque foreign objects, what contrast medium is best and why?

what should be done in the preliminary exam
if a young child is brought into the examining room and it’s not certain whether the foreign object has been inhaled into the respiratory system or swallowed?

into which bronchus is an aspirated object most likely to become lodged?

what procedure should be followed to examine a child who swallowed a smooth foreign object?